Table 1.
Characteristics of the E3N study population, overall and according to diabetes status (N = 60,590 women), the E3N study
| All (N = 60,590) | Without type 2 diabetes (N = 57,733) | With type 2 diabetes (N = 2857) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 70.17 (6.22) | 70.07 (6.20) | 72.27 (6.35) | < 0.0001 |
| Educational level (%) | < 0.0001 | |||
| Undergraduate or less | 6791 (11) | 6315 (10.94) | 476 (16.66) | |
| Graduate | 32,039 (53) | 30,497 (52.82) | 1542 (53.97) | |
| Postgraduate or more | 21,760 (36) | 20,921 (36.24) | 839 (29.37) | |
| Physical activity (MET h/week) | 59.56(47.70) | 59.88 (47.86) | 53.12 (43.99) | < 0.0001 |
| Smoking status (%) | < 0.0001 | |||
| Never | 2855 (4.71) | 2748 (4.76) | 107 (3.75) | |
| Former | 16,570 (27.35) | 15,788 (27.35) | 782 (27.37) | |
| Current | 41,165 (67.94) | 39,197 (67.89) | 1968 (68.88) | |
| Dietary inflammatory index | 0.12 (3.27) | 0.14 (3.26) | -0.41 (3.30) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.03 (3.95) | 23.86 (3.78) | 27.53 (5.43) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 6,830 (11) | 6372 (11.04) | 458 (16.03) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 9928 (16) | 9056 (15.69) | 872 (30.52) | < 0.0001 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 7455 (12) | 6672 (11.56) | 783 (27.41) | < 0.0001 |
| Daily brushing (%) | < 0.0001 | |||
| Less than once | 724 (1.20) | 631 (1.09) | 93 (3.26) | |
| One | 12,298 (20) | 11,505 (19.93) | 793 (27.76) | |
| Two | 29,533 (49) | 28,190 (48.83) | 1343 (47.01) | |
| Three or more | 18,035 (30) | 17,407 (30.15) | 628 (21.97) | |
| Visits to the dentist (%) | 0.0420 | |||
| Once a year or more | 43,300 (71.5) | 41,358 (71.64) | 1942 (67.97) | |
| Sometimes | 16,050 (26.5) | 15,234 (26.38) | 816 (28.56) | |
| Never | 1240 (2.0) | 1141 (1.98) | 99 (3.47) |
N (%) and p-value of the Chi-square test for categorical variables
Mean (SD) and p-value of the Student test for continuous variables
Percent of missing data: Smoking status (3.7), educational level (4.0), daily brushing (0.2), visits to the dentist (0.4), BMI (4.5) and physical activity (2.6)