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. 2021 Jun 22;18:28. doi: 10.1186/s12987-021-00261-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Longitudinal assessment of TSe and ECe impact on BBB permeability. A TSe showed a time-dependent increase in both sucrose and mannitol permeability which was significantly evident after 6 h of exposure and further increased at 24 h compared to 6 and 12 h time points. A similar trend was observed in response to ECe treatment (B), where increased permeability to either sucrose or mannitol became manifest from the 6 h exposure time point and beyond on. However, permeability measurements at 24 h exposure were not statistically different from those taken at 6 and 12 h. C Side by side comparison between TSe and ECe impact on BBB integrity as a sucrose and mannitol permeability function. Note that while the ECe effect plateau after 6 h of exposure, TSe shows a more sustained time-dependent effect which further impairs the integrity of the BBB at 24 h. (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 vs. control; ⁺p < 0.05; ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.001 vs. 6 and/or 12 h exposure. ANOVA; n = 3 biological replicates)