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. 2021 Jun 22;18:28. doi: 10.1186/s12987-021-00261-4

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

TSe and ECe impact of TJs expression and protective effect of metformin. The expression levels of the TJ proteins ZO-1(A) and occludin (B) were not significantly affected by exposure to TSe or ECe. However, claudin-5 expression was significantly downregulated by TSe and ECe (C). Note also that claudin-5 downregulation by TSe and ECe was abrogated by metformin pre-treatment. WB analyses report protein/β-actin ratios. **p < 0.01; ****p < 0.0001 vs. control. ANOVA; n = 3 biological replicates)