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. 2021 Jun 22;18:28. doi: 10.1186/s12987-021-00261-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Exposure to TSe and ECe alters the distribution of the TJs, and MF counteracts this effect. Immunofluorescence images show how TSe (A) and ECe (B) exposure negatively affect the membrane distribution of ZO-1, claudin-5, and occludin. Note the discontinued patterns indicated by white arrows. Noticeable is also the reduced expression of claudin-5, as previously shown by WB analyses. Metformin’s protective activity against TSe and ECe effects on TJs distribution and the downregulation of claudin-5 is also evident from the IF images