Table 1.
Total adherence to international dietary recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO) (n = 115,051)
| % meeting recommendations (WHO) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 115,051 | Zero n = 36,514 |
One n = 44,989 |
Two n = 23,835 |
Three/four n = 9713 |
|
| Dietary recommendations | 29.7 | 38.5 | 22.3 | 9.5 | |
| % Meeting saturated fat | 28.4 | 0 | 25.5 | 55.2 | 83.1 |
| % Meeting fibre | 10.9 | 0 | 5.5 | 18.8 | 57.4 |
| % Meeting free sugars | 41.9 | 0 | 50.4 | 71.2 | 87.7 |
| % Meeting fruit and vegetables | 26.1 | 0 | 18.6 | 54.8 | 88.8 |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 55.8 (7.8) | 55.4 (8.0) | 55.7 (7.8) | 56.3 (7.6) | 56.7 (7.5) |
| Sex (%) | |||||
| Female | 57.0 | 27.3 | 38.3 | 23.8 | 10.5 |
| Male | 43.0 | 32.9 | 38.7 | 20.2 | 8.2 |
| Ethnicity (%) | |||||
| Whites | 96.6 | 29.9 | 38.6 | 22.1 | 9.4 |
| Others | 3.4 | 24.3 | 36.5 | 26.9 | 12.4 |
| Region (%) | |||||
| Scotland | 5.3 | 31.8 | 39.6 | 20.5 | 8.1 |
| Wales | 3.1 | 29.5 | 37.5 | 22.6 | 10.4 |
| England | 91.6 | 29.6 | 38.5 | 22.3 | 9.6 |
| Townsend index (quintiles) | |||||
| Q1 | 20.1 | 30.3 | 38.7 | 21.9 | 9.2 |
| Q3 | 20.2 | 30.2 | 38.3 | 22.1 | 9.4 |
| Q5 | 19.0 | 28.5 | 38.5 | 22.7 | 10.3 |
| Education group (%) | |||||
| Vocational qualification (NVQ, HND, or HNC) | 12.4 | 31.5 | 38.7 | 21.2 | 8.7 |
| Any school degree (A-level, AS-level, O-level, GCSE, CSE) | 29.3 | 30.8 | 38.9 | 21.5 | 8.8 |
| Higher degree (college, university or professional degree/qualification) | 52.2 | 28.8 | 38.3 | 22.9 | 10.0 |
| None of the above | 5.8 | 29.1 | 38.0 | 22.5 | 10.4 |
| Behavioural risk factors | |||||
| Alcohol (%) | |||||
| Occasional (< 1 unit/week) | 2.4 | 34.4 | 34.5 | 20.4 | 10.7 |
| Moderate (1–14 units/week) | 34.7 | 31.0 | 37.5 | 21.9 | 9.6 |
| Heavy (> 14 units/week) | 45.1 | 27.5 | 40.7 | 23.0 | 8.8 |
| None | 2.4 | 33.8 | 34.5 | 20.7 | 11.0 |
| Smoking status (%) | |||||
| Never | 58.0 | 30.8 | 38.2 | 21.8 | 9.2 |
| Previous | 35.1 | 26.9 | 38.5 | 23.9 | 10.7 |
| Current | 6.8 | 35.2 | 40.9 | 17.8 | 6.0 |
| Physical activity (MET hours/week), mean (SD) | 41.0 (50.3) | 37.2 (48.2) | 39.8 (49.3) | 44.3 (50.8) | 50.7 (57.1) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD) | 2070 (510) | 2129 (473) | 2051 (500) | 2012 (541) | 2092 (562) |
| Medical conditions | |||||
| Body mass index group (%) | |||||
| Healthy weight (18.5 to < 24.9 kg/m2) | 40.4 | 29.6 | 37.9 | 22.1 | 10.4 |
| Overweight (25 to < 29.9 kg/m2) | 40.8 | 30.1 | 38.7 | 22.2 | 8.9 |
| Obesity I (30–34.9 kg/m2) | 13.8 | 29.3 | 39.2 | 22.9 | 8.7 |
| Obesity II (≥ 35 kg/m2) | 4.9 | 29.0 | 39.5 | 22.3 | 8.9 |
| Hypertension (%) | |||||
| Yes | 47.2 | 28.9 | 38.6 | 22.7 | 9.8 |
| Diabetes (%) | |||||
| Yes | 3.8 | 20.5 | 37.8 | 28.4 | 13.4 |
| High cholesterol (%) | |||||
| Yes | 82.3 | 29.9 | 38.7 | 22.2 | 9.3 |