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. 2021 Jun 4;12:684642. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684642

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Copyright © 2021 Bell and Gottschalk

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IL-1 superfamily cytokines. (A) The IL-1 superfamily cytokines, IL-18 and IL-36γ, signal through MyD88 to activate NF-kB. Inhibitory proteins, such as IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) or IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra), can inhibit cytokine signaling. (B) IL-18-expressing CAR T cells can stimulate an IFNγ response from CAR T cells and endogenous T and NK cells. IL-36γ-expressing CAR T cells can provide autocrine signaling to enhance effector function and activate endogenous T cells, macrophages, and DCs.