Table 2.
Results of the main analysis
| Outcome | Number of trials | N | SMD (95% CI), p-value | Heterogeneity, I2; Chi,2 df | Duration of follow-up, post end of treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-intervention | |||||
| Recovery [52, 55, 56, 58, 62] | 5 | 1265 | 0.18 (0.07 to 0.29), p = 0.002 | I2 = 0%; Chi2 = 4.01, df = 4 | |
| Hope [53, 56, 58] | 3 | 1029 | MD = 0.18 (− 0.34 to 0.69), p = 0.50 | I2 = 0%; Chi2 = 1.68, df = 2 | |
| Empowerment [57, 58, 61, 62] | 4 | 750 | 0.17 (− 0.07 to 0.40), p = 0.17 | I2 = 55%; Chi2 = 6.67, df = 3 | |
| Global symptoms [52, 54, 58] | 3 | 823 | −0.13 (− 0.27 to 0.01), p = 0.07 | I2 = 0%; Chi2 = 1.11, df = 2 | |
| Depression [52, 55, 58, 62] | 4 | 929 | −0.09 (− 0.22 to 0.04), p = 0.18 | I2 = 0%; Chi2 = 0.99, df = 3 | |
| Follow-up | |||||
| Recovery [52, 55, 56, 62] | 4 | 983 | 0.21 (0.08 to 0.34), p = 0.002 | I2 = 5%; Chi2 = 3.16, df = 3 | 3 to 6 months |
| Empowerment [57, 61, 62] | 3 | 487 | 0.13 (−0.05 to 0.31), p = 0.14 | I2 = 0%; Chi2 = 0.37, df = 2 | 3 weeks to 6 months |
| Depression [52, 55, 62] | 3 | 674 | −0.12 (− 0.27 to 0.03), p = 0.11 | I2 = 0%; Chi2 = 0.95, df = 2 | 3 to 6 months |
Means and Standard Deviations for TAU and clinician-led comparator group were combined for Eisen 2012. MD Mean Difference, SMD Standardised Mean difference, CI confidence interval, SMDs are reported unless stated otherwise, N number of participants providing outcome data, df degrees of freedom