Table 1.
Composition of the culture media required from the growth of healthy and CRC colon organoid.
| Component required for organoid culture | Function | References |
|---|---|---|
| Wnt | • Important for crypt proliferation | Kim et al. (2005) and Pinto, Gregorieff, Begthel, and Clevers (2003) |
| R-spondins | • Upregulate the WNT signaling pathway through a specific effect on the Lgr receptors driving the crypt hyperplasia in vivo | de Lau et al. (2011) |
| Noggin | • Inhibitor for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway • Helps in the expansion of crypt numbers |
Haramis et al. (2004) |
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | • Important for stem cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis | Dignass and Sturm (2001) |
| Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 | • Inhibits anoikis in isolated embryonic stem cells • Decreases cell death |
Watanabe et al. (2007) |
| Notch-agonistic peptide | • Notch/gamma-secretase inhibition turns proliferative cells in intestinal crypts and adenomas into goblet cells | Li et al. (1998) and van Es et al. (2005) |
| Extracellular Matrix (Matrigel) | • Rich with laminin (αl and α2) • Support the intestinal epithelial growth through laminin enrichment at the crypt base |
Sasaki, Giltay, Talts, Timpl, and Talts (2002) |
| Nicotinamide | • Inhibitors to ROCK kinase • Promotes Cell Survival and Differentiation • Required for long-term growth of human derived organoids and organoids from CRC patients, mouse APC-deficient adenomas, and Barrett’s esophagus |
Jung et al. (2011), Meng et al. (2018), and Sato et al. (2011) |
| A83–01 | • Potent inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) including ALK5 (type I transforming growth factor-β receptor), ALK4 (type IB activin receptor), and ALK7 (type I NODAL receptor) • Inhibits TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition • Allow long-term culture of organoid from CRC patients and APC deficient adenoma |
Jung et al. (2011), Sato et al. (2011), and Wu et al. (2017) |
| SB202190 | • Inhibits p38 of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) • Decreases the degradation of EGF receptor • Increase plating efficiency and allows long-term culture of organoid from CRC patients and APC deficient adenoma |
Frey, Dise, Edelblum, and Polk, (2006), Jung et al. (2011), and Sato et al. (2011) |
| Gastrin | • Not always required • Increase the culture efficiency |
Jung et al. (2011) and Sato etal. (2011) |