Table 2. Cardiovascular characteristics of old non-diabetic vs old diabetic.
| Echocardiography measurements | Old non-diabetic (n=399) | Diabetic (n=116) | Univariate p-value | ~Adjusted P-value |
| Interventricular septum thickness at end diastole (IVSD) (cm) | 0.80 (0.1) | 0.81 (0.2) | 0.52 | - |
| Interventricular septum thickness at end systole (IVSS) (cm) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 0.76 | - |
| Left ventricular internal diameter end diastole (LVIDD) (cm) | 4.4 (0.6) | 4.3 (0.6) | 0.12 | - |
| Left ventricular internal diameter end systole (LVIDS) (cm) | 2.5 (0.5) | 2.4 (0.5) | 0.41 | - |
| Left ventricular posterior wall end diastole (LVPWD) (cm) | 0.76 (0.1) | 0.77 (0.1) | 0.16 | - |
| Left ventricular posterior wall end systole (LVPWS) (cm) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.2) | 0.28 | - |
| Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) (cm) | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.2) | 0.26 | - |
| Aortic diameter (AO) (cm) | 3.0 (0.4) | 3.1 (0.4) | 0.084 | - |
| Left atrium (LA) (cm) | 3.6 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.6) | 0.55 | - |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (%) | 74 (7.7) | 73 (9.2) | 0.11 | - |
| Left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) (%) | 44 (7.4) | 42 (7.8) | 0.12 | - |
| Left ventricular mass (grams) | 120 (49) | 116 (40) | 0.41 | - |
| Left ventricular mass index (grams/m2) | 74 (27) | 70 (22) | 0.14 | - |
| Left atrial volume (ml) | 35 (13) | 36 (14) | 0.45 | - |
| Left atrial volume index (ml/m2) | 21 (7.7) | 22 (8.2) | 0.90 | - |
| Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (ms) | 103 (18) | 103 (20) | 0.98 | - |
| Peak velocity flow in early diastole E (MV E peak) (m/s) | 0.71 (0.2) | 0.70 (0.2) | 0.51 | - |
| Peak velocity flow in late diastole by atrial contraction A (MV A peak) (m/s) | 0.81 (0.2) | 0.87 (0.2) | 0.005 | 0.15 |
| Ratio of MV E peak velocity: MV A peak velocity | 0.91 (0.3) | 0.82 (0.2) | 0.003 | 0.039 |
| Mitral valve flow deceleration time (MV DT) (ms) | 213 (40) | 222 (42) | 0.034 | 0.23 |
| Right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 5.0 (1.3) | 4.7 (1.7) | 0.36 | - |
| Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) (mmHg) | 28 (7.0) | 25 (6.9) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Peak systolic septal mitral annular velocity (Septal S′) (m/s) | 0.078 (0.02) | 0.077 (0.01) | 0.38 | - |
| Peak early diastolic septal mitral annular velocity (Septal E’) (m/s) | 0.074 (0.02) | 0.067 (0.02) | 0.0003 | 0.021 |
| Septal mitral annular velocity during atrial contraction (Septal A’) (m/s) | 0.14 (0.6) | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.60 | - |
| Peak systolic lateral mitral annular velocity (m/s) | 0.10 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.03) | 0.10 | - |
| Peak early diastolic lateral mitral annular velocity (m/s) | 0.094 (0.02) | 0.088 (0.02) | 0.019 | 0.094 |
| Lateral mitral annular velocity during atrial contraction (m/s) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.51 | - |
| Ratio of Peak velocity flow in early diastole E (MV E peak) velocity to Peak early diastolic septal mitral annular velocity (Septal E’) | 10 (3.3) | 11 (3.1) | 0.022 | 0.34 |
| CMR measurements | (n=187) | (n=51) | ||
| LV global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) (%) | -21 (2.9) | -21 (2.9) | 0.28 | - |
| LV global circumferential strain (LVGCS) (%) | -22 (3.8) | -23 (3.1) | 0.21 | - |
| LV global radial strain (LVGRS) (%) | 104 (25.1) | 104 (19.5) | 0.98 | - |
| Right ventricular global longitudinal strain (RVGLS) (%) | -31 (5.4) | -31 (5.5) | 0.84 | - |
| LA reservoir strain (ɛs) (%) | 31 (6.9) | 31 (6.2) | 0.98 | - |
| LA conduit strain (ɛe) (%) | 14 (4.1) | 12 (4.3) | 0.045 | 0.28 |
| LA booster strain (ɛa) (%) | 17 (4.7) | 18 (3.9) | 0.065 | - |
| Reservoir strain rate (SRs) (1/s) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.4) | 0.92 | - |
| Conduit strain rate (SRe) (1/s) | -1.3 (0.5) | -1.2 (0.4) | 0.042 | 0.30 |
| Booster strain rate (SRa) (1/s) | -2.2 (0.7) | -2.3 (0.6) | 0.19 | - |
| Ratio of SRe/SRa | 0.66 (0.3) | 0.55 (0.2) | 0.006 | 0.029 |
| LAvolumemin (ml) | 31 (12.6) | 27 (10.1) | 0.044 | 0.016 |
| LAvolumemax (ml) | 64 (18) | 57 (17) | 0.017 | 0.006 |
| LA ejection fraction (%) | 52 (8.9) | 52 (7.2) | 0.92 | - |
~adjusted for female, BMI, CV rf>2.