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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Physiol. 2021 Jan 13;599(5):1379–1389. doi: 10.1113/JP279771

Figure 2. The NLR signalling pathway.

Figure 2.

NLRs are predominantly present in the cytosol of cells, including immune, epithelial, endothelial and neuronal cells. Both Nod1 and Nod2 respond to bacterial peptidoglycan, with Nod1 initiating NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory gene expression and Nod2 initiating AP1 inflammatory genes via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38. NLRP1 activates caspase1 signalling in response to toxins and NLRP3 activates caspase1 in response to lysosomal damage and reactive oxygen species. AP-1, activator protein 1; ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD; IκBα, inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB α; ROS, reactive oxygen species.