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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Physiol. 2021 Jan 13;599(5):1379–1389. doi: 10.1113/JP279771

Figure 3. The TLR signalling pathway.

Figure 3.

TLRs are membrane bound or endosomally bound. Membrane bound TLRs (TLR1, 2, 6, 4 and 5) signal through MyD88 in response to a variety of stimuli, such as lipopeptides from gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria, flagellin or lipopolysaccharide, and activate NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory genes. TLR4 can also signal through a MyD88 independent pathway and activate interferon (IFN) signalling. Endosomally bound TLRs (TLR3, 9, 7 and 8) are activated by dsRNA, ssRNA and dsDNA and activate IFN signalling in response to these stimuli. IRF, interferon regulatory factor; TRIF, Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β.