Table 2.
Summary of population characteristics.
| Study | Population | Age (years) | Gender | Education (years) | CSF biomarkers |
Symptom scales
(baseline avg ± std) |
Comorbidity | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEMENTIA | ||||||||
| Surmeli et al. (2016) |
NF:
9 AD 11 VD |
NF:
68.9 ± 10.6 |
NF:
9M/11F |
NF:
6 (median) |
NR |
MMSE:
NF: 18.8 ± 6.4 |
Psychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression, etc.) | Medicines (N = 17) |
| Luijmes et al. (2016) |
NF:
10 poss. AD |
NF:
71.5 ± 6.7 |
NF:
3F/7M |
NR | NR |
CAMCOG:
NF: 0.8 ± 0.1 |
No* | Medicines (N = 10) |
| Hohenfeld et al. (2017) |
NF1:
10 prom. AD CG1 (real): 16 HC CG2 (sham): 4 HC |
NF1:
66.2 ± 8.9 CG1 (real): 63.5 ± 6.7 CG2 (sham): 64.8 ± 9.5 |
NF1:
8M/2F CG1 (real): 9M/7F CG2 (sham): 3M/1F |
NF1:
12 (median) CG1 (real): 13 (median) CG2 (sham): 13 (median) |
NF1:
Yes CG1 (real): No CG2 (sham): No |
MWT-B IQ NF1: 107.8 ± 14.1 CG1 (real): 124.0 ± 9.3 CG2 (sham): 121.5 ± 21.7 MoCA NF1: 24.8 ± 3.2 CG1 (real): 26.8 ± 2.0 CG2 (sham): 26.0 ± 4.2 |
No* | NR |
| Hohenfeld et al. (2020) |
NF:
9 prom. AD CG (real): 12 HC |
NF:
64.7 ± 8.3 CG (real): 65.3 ± 6.3 |
NF:
7M/2F CG (real): 6M/6F |
NF:
10 (median) CG (real): 13 (median) |
see Hohenfeld et al., 2017 |
MWT-B IQ:
NF: 107.3 ± 14.8 CG (real): 126.0 ± 9.4 MoCA: NF: 25.1 ± 3.3 CG (real): 26.8 ± 2.2 |
No* | NR |
| MCI | ||||||||
| Mendoza Laiz et al. (2018) |
NF1:
22 MCI NF2: 10 MCI |
NF1:
66.0 ± 2.2 NF2: 73.1 ± 3.6 |
NF1:
12M/10F NF2: 2M/8F |
NR | NR | MMSE: Between 18 and 23 |
NR | NR |
| Jang et al. (2019) |
NF:
5 MCI |
NF:
66.6 ± 3.5 |
NF:
NR |
NF:
9.2 ± 3.6 |
NR |
MoCA-K:
NF: 19.4 ± 2.1 |
NR | No |
| Jirayucharoensak et al. (2019) |
NF:
26 HC 32 aMCI CG1 (game): 17 HC 19 aMCI CG2 (CAU): 11 HC 14 aMCI |
NF:
71.7 ± 6.5 CG1 (game): 73.9 ± 6.2 CG2 (CAU): 70.9 ± 5.1 |
NF:
58F CG1 (game): 36F CG2 (CAU): 25F |
NF:
9.0 ± 5.7 CG1 (game): 9.4 ± 6.0 CG2 (CAU): 11.4 ± 4.5 |
NR | MMSE: NF: 27.3 ± 2.1 CG1 (game): 27.5 ± 2.1 CG2 (CAU): 27.9 ± 1.8 MoCA: NF: 22.4 ± 4.3 CG1 (game): 22.8 ± 4.4 CG2 (CAU): 23.6 ± 0.4 |
No* | CAU (type not specified) (N = 119) |
| Lavy et al. (2019) |
NF:
11 MCI |
NF:
70.0 ± 10.0 |
NF:
6F/5M |
NR | NR | NR | No* | NR |
| Li et al. (2020) |
NF:
40 MCI |
NF:
54.3 ± 4.9 |
NF:
20M/20F |
NR | NR | NR | No* | NR |
| Marlats et al. (2020) |
NF:
22 MCI |
NF:
76.1 ± 5.9 |
NF:
5M/17F |
NF:
14.9 ± 2.6 |
NR | MMSE: NF: 25.4 ± 2.8 MoCa: NF: 23.1 ± 2.5 |
No* | NR |
Symptom scales described as primary outcomes are highlighted in bold.
*
Studies describing exclusion criteria for other neurological or psychiatric disorders were considered without comorbidities. CAMCOG, Cambridge Cognitive Examination; CAU, Care as Usual; CG, Control Group; MMSE, Mini Mental Status Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MoCA-K, Montreal Cognitive Assessment - Korean version; MWT-B IQ, Multiple Choice Word Test; NF, Neurofeedback; NR, Not Reported.