Table 4.
Summary of each neurofeedback protocol employed.
| Study | Imaging method | NF paradigm (participants) | Control paradigm (participants) | Number of sessions | Session duration (min.) | Session description | Feedback modality | Feedback description | Instructions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEMENTIA | |||||||||
| Surmeli et al. (2016) | EEG | participant-specific protocols (N = 20) | No | 10–96 (avg. 45.0 ± 27.3) | 60 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Luijmes et al. (2016) | EEG | participant-specific protocols (N = 10) | No | 30 | 30 | 4 blocks, with 5 min. breaks | Visual and auditory | Movie with varying contrast and beeping sound | No |
| Hohenfeld et al. (2017) | fMRI | ↑ left parahipp. gyrus (N = 10) |
CG1: ↑ left parahipp. gyrus (N = 16) CG2: ↑ left primary somatosensory cortex (N = 4) |
3 | 60 | 4 blocks containing 12 trials (6 activation + 6 resting-state) of 40 s each | Visual | Thermometer bar | To remember footpath and/or count backwards |
| Hohenfeld et al. (2020)* | fMRI | ↑ left parahipp. gyrus (N = 9) | ↑ left parahipp. gyrus (N = 12) | 3 | 60 | 4 blocks containing 12 trials (6 activation + 6 resting-state) of 40 s each | Visual | Thermometer bar | To remember footpath and/or count backwards |
| MCI | |||||||||
| Mendoza Laiz et al. (2018)** | EEG | ↓ alpha (11–13 Hz) and ↑ beta (17–22 Hz) in C3, Cz, and C4 (N = 22 and 10) | No | 5 | 60 | 60 trials with five different difficulty levels | Visual | Open or close virtual doors, or moving cursor | To imagine hand movements |
| Jang et al. (2019) | EEG | ↑ beta (12–15 Hz) in F6 (N = 5) | No | 16 | 45 | 9 trials of 5 min each | Visual | Moving a boat, or changing blurred flowers | To develop personal strategies |
| Jirayucharoensak et al. (2019) | EEG | ↑ beta (12–32 Hz)/alpha (8–12 Hz) ratio in AF3 and AF4 (N = 58) | game (N = 38), CAU (N = 25) | 20 | 30 | 5 blocks of 4–5 min separated by breaks of 2 min | Visual | Real-time game (5 different games) | Existent, but not reported |
| Lavy et al. (2019) | EEG | ↑ alpha (8–10 Hz) in Pz (N = 11) | No | 10 | 32 | 10 trials of 3 min each, separated by breaks of 10 s | Visual and auditory | Balls moving in 3D and beeping sound | To develop personal strategies |
| Li et al. (2020) | EEG | self-regulation of alpha (8–13 Hz) band and beta (13–30 Hz)/alpha (8–13 Hz) ratio (N = 40) | No | 10 | No limit | NR | Visual | NR | NR |
| Marlats et al. (2020) | EEG | ↑ SMR (12–15 Hz) and ↓ theta (4–8 Hz) and beta (21–30 Hz) in Cz (N = 22) | No | 20 | 75 | NR | Visual and auditory | Animated graphics | Existent, but not reported |
*
Methodological information detailed in previous publication from Hohenfeld et al. (2017).
**
Methodological information detailed in previous publication from Gomez-Pilar et al. (2016).
CG, Control Group; NR, Not Reported; SMR, Sensory-Motor Rhythm; ↑, expected up-regulation; ↓, expected down-regulation.