Table 3.
Association between GDF-15 and risk of ICH and ICH subtypes.
| Quartiles of GDF-15 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend | GDF-15 per 1 unit | P values | |
| N (all) | 116 | 116 | 116 | 116 | |||
| n (ICH cases) | 40 | 54 | 56 | 70 | |||
| GDF-15+ [mean (range)] | 7.12 (6.41–7.45) | 7.76 (7.46–8.04) | 8.29 (8.04–8.53) | 9.09 (8.53–10.6) | |||
| All ICH | |||||||
| Age- and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.99 (1.14–3.49) | 2.80 (1.47–5.33) | 5.99 (2.85–12.6) | 3.4 × 10−6 | 2.38 (1.63–3.46) | 6.3 × 10−6 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 2.05 (1.15–3.66) | 2.54 (1.29–5.02) | 5.74 (2.56–12.8) | 4.2 × 10−5 | 2.27 (1.52–3.41) | 7.1 × 10−5 |
| Lobar ICH | |||||||
| Age- and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 3.44 (1.49–7.98) | 3.32 (1.22–9.00) | 7.46 (2.47–22.5) | 0.0009 | 2.22 (1.30–3.79) | 0.0035 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 3.59 (1.53–8.45) | 3.17 (1.31–8.87) | 7.48 (2.29–24.4) | 0.0020 | 2.15 (1.20–3.85) | 0.010 |
| Non-lobar ICH | |||||||
| Age- and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.28 (0.61–2.29) | 2.21 (0.96–5.07) | 5.37 (2.15–13.4) | 0.0003 | 2.38 (1.50–3.76) | 0.0002 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 1.38 (0.63–3.01) | 2.08 (0.86–5.08) | 5.35 (1.95–14.7) | 0.0012 | 2.54 (1.52–4.26) | 0.0004 |
CI, confidence interval; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; OR, odds ratio; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor 15.
+
Normalized protein expression (NPX) values on log2 scale.
*
Adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure medication, body mass index, current smoking, diabetes mellitus, high alcohol consumption, and use of warfarin.