Table 2. Characteristics of the studies included (k = 26).
| (Reference) Publication Year (Country) | Sample size (% of women) | People with obesity [all sample data] | Comorbidities (%) and specific characteristics | Outcomes assessed** | Methods/Tools | MMAT scores*** | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Age years±SD or (range) | BMI kg/m2±SD or (range) | ||||||
| Quantitative studies | ||||||||
| Ashton [55] 2017 (Australia) | 282 (0%) | 10% | NR [22.3±2.1] | NR [24.7±4.4] | NR | Barriers Motives |
Online questionnaire | 25 |
| Masterson [56] 2017 (USA) | 630 (100%) | 41% | 49.7±15.4 | NR | T2D (30.6%), HBP (25.7%) Mild (15.8%) and moderate-severe depression (26.1%) Urban Latinas |
Barriers | 5 questions the Influences on PA Instrument about barriers to PA | 25 |
| Egan [57] 2013 (Ireland) | 145 (36%) | 100% | 59.0±11.0 | 34.0 (IQR: 32.0–37.5) | T2D (100%) | Barriers | List with scale | 0 |
| Genkinger [58] 2006 (USA) | 120 (100%) | 65% | NR [48.0±11.0] | NR | NR African American in church-based, PA intervention |
Barriers | Adapted version of Steinhardt/Dishman Barriers for Habitual PA Scale | 50 |
| James [59] 2008 (USA) | 823 (71%) | 41% | Class I: 51.0 (19–84) Class II: 48.3 (18–87) |
NR | NR African American and part of a colorectal cancer prevention intervention churches rural |
Barriers | Phone questionnaire | 50 |
| Labrunee [60] 2012 (France) | 23 (57%) | 100% | 52.8±8.5 | 40.1± 7.3 (control) 39.3±9.9 (intervention) |
Diabetes (100%) Enrolled in PA intervention |
Barriers Preferences |
Phone questionnaire | 0 |
| Napolitano [61] 2011 (USA) | 280 (100%) | 38% | NR [47.3±10.7] | NR [28.7±5.2] | NR Previously inactive women |
Barriers | Expected outcomes and barriers for habitual PA scale | 25 |
| Rimmer [62] 2010 (USA) | 33 (100%) | 91% | NR [60.1 ± 10.1] | NR [49.1±12.4] | Arthritis (67%), Multiple sclerosis (6%), Stroke (6%), Back problem (6%) Sedentary African-American |
Barriers | Barriers to PA Questionnaire for People with Disabilities | 25 |
| Rye [63] 2009 (USA) | 702 (100%) | 60% | NR [52.2±6.8] | NR | NR White, low-income women |
Barriers | Questionnaire | 50 |
| Skov-Ettrup [64] 2014 (Danemark) | 55655 (61%) | 6% | NR | NR | NR PA during the past year |
Motives | Internet or paper-based questionnaire | 25 |
| Stankevitz [65] 2017 (USA) | 124 (93%) | 100% | 45.0±9.0 | 37.7± 6.7 | NR | Barriers | Internet or mail questionnaire | 25 |
| Burton [66] 2012 (Australia) | 7784 (56%) | 23% | NR [(42–67)] | NR | NR | Preferences | Mail questionnaire | 75 |
| Short [67] 2014 (Australia) | 1137 (50%) | 30% | [52.8±16.3] | [30.0±14.7] | Chronic illness (46%) | Preferences | Phone questionnaire | 50 |
| Borodulin [68] 2016 (Finland) | 2260 (59%) | 20% | NR [(18–64)] | NR | NR | Barriers | Questionnaire | 75 |
| Qualitative studies | ||||||||
| Bowen [69] 2015 (USA) | 9 (100%) | 78% | NR [75.0±5.3] | NR [27–41] | 67% reported using canes or walkers | Barriers Motives |
Semi-structured interviews | 100 |
| Coe [70] 2017 (USA) | 13 (54%) | 100% | 42.0 (29–53) | 52.5 (37–81) | 100% at least one comorbidity (HBP, dyslipidemia, or T2D) African American |
Barriers | Focus group | 100 |
| Danielsen [71] 2016 (Norway)* | 8 (63%) | 100% | NR (35–63) | NR (37–60) | Part of a 10–14 weeks inpatient lifestyle modification program | Barriers Motives |
Interviews | 100 |
| Guess [72] 2012 (UK) | 29 (83%) | 21% | 37.8±10.9 | 46.8±5.6 | Attending dietetic clinics for weight management | Barriers Motives |
Focus groups and semi-structured interviews | 60 |
| Igelström [73] 2012 (Sweden)* | 15 (47%) | 100% | 62.0 (IQR 8.5) | 37.0 (IQR 5.0) | Obstructive sleep apnea and CPAP treatment (100%) | Barriers Motives |
Semi-structured interviews | 100 |
| Joseph [74] 2017 (USA) | 25 (100%) | 100% | 38.5±7.8 | 39.4±7.3 | Sedentary lifestyle (100%) | Barriers Motives Preferences |
Focus group | 100 |
| Lidegaard [75] 2016 (Denmark) | 28 (46%) | 86% | NR [59.4±8.8] | NR [34.4±5.0] | T2D (100%); Heart disease or musculoskeletal disorders (79%) | Barriers Motives |
Focus group + probes in the form of images, statements and quotations regarding PA. | 100 |
| Piana [76] 2013 (Italy) | 80 (63%) | 100% | 53.2±12.2 | 36.5±5.9 | HBP (49%); T2D (35%) Coronary Heart Disease (4%) |
Barriers | Focus group | 100 |
| Groven [77] 2010 (Norway) | 5 (100%) | 100% | NR (35–63) | NR (40–48) | Part of a weight loss program | Barriers Motives |
Semi-structured interviews | 100 |
| Lewis [78] 2011 (Australia) | 36 (0%) | 100% | 46.0 (21–69) | 37.1 (30–61) | HBP (33.3%); Arthritis and joint problems (30.6%); Sleep apnea (16.7%); Diabetes (13.9%), Cardiovascular problems (11.1%) | Barriers Motives |
Interviews | 60 |
| Mixed-methods studies | ||||||||
| Adachi-Mejia [79] 2016 (USA)* | 78 (100%) | 76% | NR [52.8±14.5] | NR [35.4±9.2] | NR Enrolled in a lifestyle community-based program for vulnerable populations |
Barriers | Survey + one open question | 80 |
| Lattimore [80] 2011 (USA) | 384 (78%) | 46% | NR [50–75+] | NR | NR Adults 50 years and older |
Barriers | Interviews | 80 |
| Leone [81] 2013 (USA) | Quanti 195 (100%) | 51% | NR [55.7±7.0] | NR [35.7±7.0] | NR Inactive white women over 50 years old |
Barriers Motives |
Online survey | 80 |
| 19 (100%) | 100% | 55 (50–72) | 36.0 (28.2–46.6) | Focus group | ||||
* when country of recruitment was not reported country of the authors is reported
** = only outcomes assessed in people with obesity were reported in this column
*** = MMAT scores are expressed as a % of the maximum possible score; BMI = body mass index; CPAP = Continuous positive air pressure; HBP = High blood pressure; MMAT = Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool; NR = not reported; PA = physical activity; T2D = type 2 diabetes.