Table 1.
Socio-demographic, child, and parental characteristics of cases and controls among under-five children in Ethiopia.
| Variables | Category | Diarrhea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 257) | No (n = 1,718) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Child-related factors | |||
| Child’s sex | Male | 132 (51.4) | 833 (48.5) |
| Female | 125 (48.6) | 885 (51.5) | |
| Child’s age (in months) | 0-12 | 63 (24.5) | 400 (23.3) |
| 13-24 | 105 (40.9) | 408 (23.7) | |
| ⩾25 | 89 (34.6) | 910 (52.9) | |
| Number of under-five children | 0-1 | 130 (50.6) | 871 (50.7) |
| 2-3 | 124 (48.2) | 824 (47.9) | |
| >3 | 3 (1.2) | 23 (1.3) | |
| Currently breastfeeding | Yes | 171 (66.5) | 729 (42.4) |
| No | 86 (33.5) | 989 (57.6) | |
| Measles vaccination (n = 1,834) | Vaccinated a | 128 (51.0) | 1,081 (68.3) |
| Unvaccinated | 123 (49.0) | 502 (31.7) | |
| Birth interval (months) (n = 1,320) | ⩽24 | 33 (17.5) | 245 (21.7) |
| >24 | 156 (82.5) | 886 (78.3) | |
| Size of the child at birth | Very large | 67 (26.3) | 318 (18.6) |
| Larger than average | 16 (6.3) | 269 (15.7) | |
| Average | 116 (45.5) | 800 (46.7) | |
| Smaller than average | 9 (3.5) | 108 (6.3) | |
| Very small | 47 (18.4) | 217 (12.7) | |
| Parental factors | |||
| Mother’s age (in years) | <18 | 4 (1.5) | 26 (1.5) |
| 18-24 | 68(26.5) | 393 (22.9) | |
| 25-34 | 139 (54.1) | 997 (58.0) | |
| ⩾35 | 46 (17.9) | 302 (17.6) | |
| Mother’s education level | No education | 101 (39.3) | 526 (30.6) |
| Primary | 89 (34.6) | 566 (32.9) | |
| Secondary | 49 (19.1) | 427 (24.8) | |
| Higher | 18 (7.0) | 199 (11.6) | |
| Mother employment status | Not working | 148 (58.0) | 1,027 (59.9) |
| Working | 107 (42.0) | 686 (40.1) | |
| Paternal education (1913) | No education | 47 (18.7) | 322 (19.4) |
| Primary | 92 (36.6) | 513 (30.9) | |
| Secondary | 80 (31.9) | 517 (31.1) | |
| Higher | 32 (12.7) | 310 (18.6) | |
| Paternal occupation | Not working | 8 (3.1) | 71 (4.2) |
| Working in agriculture | 64 (25.2) | 225 (13.5) | |
| Working in non-agriculture | 182 (71.6) | 1,372 (82.3) | |
| Media exposure/watching TV/ | Yes b | 161 (62.6) | 1,258 (73.2) |
| No | 96 (37.3) | 460 (26.8) | |
| Household factors | |||
| Type of floor of the house | Cement made | 149 (58.2) | 1,293 (75.6) |
| Sand/Earth and others | 107 (41.8) | 417 (24.4) | |
| Type of fuel used | Modern | 64 (25.0) | 513 (29.9) |
| Traditional | 192 (75.0) | 1,205 (70.1) | |
| Household size | 1-4 | 91 (35.4) | 612 (35.6) |
| ⩾5 | 166 (64.6) | 1,106 (64.4) | |
| Time to get to a water source | On-premises | 111 (44.2) | 1,024 (59.6) |
| 0-30 min | 95 (37.9) | 491 (28.6) | |
| >30 min | 45 (17.9) | 202 (11.8) | |
| Place of residence | Urban | 174 (67.7) | 1,397 (81.3) |
| Rural | 83 (32.3) | 321 (18.7) | |
| Region | Agrarian | 109 (42.4) | 480 (27.9) |
| Pastoralist | 38 (14.8) | 198 (11.5) | |
| City | 110 (42.8) | 1,040 (60.5) | |
| Access to electricity | Yes | 178 (69.3) | 1,404 (81.7) |
| No | 79 (30.7) | 318 (18.3) | |
| Wealth quintiles | Poor | 16 (6.2) | 46 (2.7) |
| Middle | 17 (6.6) | 57 (3.3) | |
| Rich | 224 (87.2) | 1,615 (94.0) | |
| Survey year (EDHS) | 2005 | 101 (39.3) | 487 (28.3) |
| 2011 | 94 (36.6) | 784 (45.6) | |
| 2016 | 62 (24.1) | 447 (26.1) | |
a
Children who received 1 dose of measles vaccine at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card, health facility, or the mother’s report).
b
Frequency of watching television was categorized as yes (less than once a week, at least once a week, and almost every day) and no (not at all).