Table 2. Summary of seroprevalence data from studies reporting population-wide estimates by global burden of disease region, geographic scope, and risk of bias.
| Characteristic | No. studies | No. countries | Median sample size (IQR) | Median uncorrected seroprevalence (IQR) | No. studies with correctable data | Median corrected seroprevalence (IQR) | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population-wide studies | 590 | 57 | 987 (786–2639) | 4.6% (2.2–8.5%) | 427 | 4.5% (2.4–8.4%) | L: 4%, M: 62%, H: 27%, U: 6% |
| GBD region | |||||||
| Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia | 14 | 6 | 2681 (992–3037) | 7.8% (2.3–20.5%) | 9 | 12.2% (4.5–25.4%) | L: 7%, M: 43%, H: 43%, U: 7% |
| High-income | 453 | 28 | 985 (786–1709) | 4.4% (2.2–7.2%) | 339 | 4.1% (2.4–6.9%) | L: 3%, M: 65%, H: 27%, U: 5% |
| Latin America and Caribbean | 57 | 10 | 900 (832–1968) | 6.8% (2.6–19.5%) | 37 | 10.6% (3.0–46.5%) | L: 5%, M: 70%, H: 18%, U: 7% |
| North Africa and Middle East | 5 | 4 | 1212 (600–3530) | 12.9% (0.8–19.3%) | 4 | 8.2% (0.1–17.7%) | L: 20%, M: 40%, H: 20%, U: 20% |
| South Asia | 35 | 2 | 3000 (502–15625) | 17.6% (8.8–26.8%) | 25 | 17.1% (8.7–25.0%) | L: 17%, M: 43%, H: 20%, U: 20% |
| Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania | 20 | 2 | 2192 (434–18024) | 1.0% (0.4–2.9%) | 8 | 0.6% (0.3–1.4%) | L: 0%, M: 35%, H: 60%, U: 5% |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 6 | 5 | 528 (214–2282) | 14.6% (8.0–24.0%) | 5 | 19.5% (9.0–26.0%) | L: 17%, M: 33%, H: 50%, U: 0% |
| Scope | |||||||
| National | 83 | 32 | 4297 (1200–24926) | 4.5% (1.9–6.1%) | 51 | 3.5% (1.2–6.0%) | L: 10%, M: 64%, H: 19%, U: 7% |
| Regional | 312 | 19 | 980 (802–1106) | 4.3% (2.3–7.6%) | 276 | 4.5% (2.5–7.6%) | L: 4%, M: 73%, H: 21%, U: 3% |
| Local | 167 | 31 | 1000 (752–2547) | 5.5% (2.1–14.8%) | 87 | 6.7% (2.6–21.9%) | L: 4%, M: 46%, H: 38%, U: 13% |
| Sub-local | 28 | 14 | 500 (357–928) | 7.2% (1.4–15.1%) | 13 | 8.7% (0.6–15.1%) | L: 0%, M: 36%, H: 61%, U: 4% |
| Risk of bias | |||||||
| Low | 25 | 13 | 4151 (2203–9922) | 8.2% (2.9–13.6%) | 20 | 10.3% (3.3–18.9%) | .. |
| Moderate | 367 | 42 | 985 (900–1545) | 4.7% (2.6–7.9%) | 307 | 4.5% (2.5–7.9%) | .. |
| High | 161 | 30 | 731 (313–2415) | 3.9% (1.2–9.4%) | 93 | 3.9% (0.9–8.2%) | .. |
| Unclear | 37 | 15 | 1709 (774–8006) | 3.3% (1.5–11.0%) | 7 | 11.7% (4.8–24.6%) | .. |
Abbreviations: No. = number; IQR = interquartile range; L = low; M = moderate; H = high; U = unclear; GBD = global burden of disease region.