Table 1. A synthesis of the contextual factors for Taenia solium control interventions adapted from Craig et al. [9].

Contextual factor	Description	Examples and applications to the case of Taenia solium interventions
Epidemiological factors	Baseline incidence, prevalence, and distribution of the health problem of interest and its determinants in the target population	Baseline prevalence and incidence of PCC, taeniosis and NCC as driven by the underlying biological and socio-economic risk factors, the measure of the outcomes and its reliability, diagnostics methods used.
Socioeconomic factors	Distribution of social and economic resources among communities or populations affected by the intervention, water health and sanitation coverage and education levels	The motivation for rearing pigs, whether farming is subsistence or for income generation; current husbandry practices, including who makes decisions about how pigs should be reared and who provides the labour for pig rearing; level of knowledge and willingness/ability to change practices, including adopting the intervention technologies, income distribution among farmers, access to land or other resources, language, ethnicity, etc. that could affect interventions, other economic activities within the target area
Cultural factors	Beliefs, attitudes and practices among farmers, policymakers, practitioners and those targeted by the intervention, cultural factors relating to pork consumption.	Beliefs, attitudes and practices surrounding pig rearing (pigs are supposed to be “natural cleaners/sanitation policemen” by eating human faeces), pork consumption (e.g. eating raw pork), and Taenia solium infection particularly NCC, (cultural norms and taboos around use of toilet), Local taboos/stigma on open defecation, knowledge of the disease and its impacts on their health and livelihood
Geographical and environmental factors	Features of the immediate or more distal (e.g. regional or national) physical environment, either natural or built.	Physical environment including natural and built environment, seasonal variation, access roads, target community location in relation to physical features like mountains, presence of rivers and ponds/lakes–potential for human effluent to contaminate and source of surface drinking water, use of river water for irrigation
Service and organizational	Characteristics, such as readiness to change and motivation, of the individuals delivering the intervention, the organizations in which they work and the wider service environment in which those organizations operate. Co-interventions that target the same risk factors, behaviour or outcomes within the same population as the intervention of interest	Ministry of health and Ministry of livestock, local provincial administration, One Health units, local and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), willingness of ministries of health and livestock to support interventions, capacity and motivation of local government staff involved in project activities, willingness of local institutions including universities and NGOs to collaborate in the control of T. solium, competition for time allocation between ministry and project activities. Existence of national deworming programs in the community or schools.
Ethical considerations	The extent to which implementers and recipients understand and agree about the benefits and harms of the intervention and can provide informed consent of exposure to the intervention and participation in associated research	Target population’s common understanding about the benefits and harms from the intervention, capacity to make informed decision and give consent to participate, community empowerment to give consent on their own behalf and on behalf of their dependents especially for therapeutic interventions.
Policy, strategies and legal guidelines	The wider policy framework within which a specific intervention is embedded	T. solium control should be embedded in country’s livestock disease control policies. Enforcement of some guidelines (for example meat inspection guidelines, local laws on pig husbandry)
Political	Distribution of power among stakeholders and others with an interest in promoting or obstructing the optimum design or implementation of the intervention	Power dynamics among stakeholders, structure of government. Political structures including influence and power of local administrators, interest of the local political leadership in the intervention
Historical	Continuing influence of past conditions, socio-political relationships, policies and legal frameworks	Influence of past involvement of target community in disease control interventions, positive or negative experiences with certain organizations
Financial	Sources and mechanisms of funding for the intervention and the wider payment, reward, incentive or charging structures in which they are embedded	Sources and mechanisms for funding for the intervention, costs versus the benefits, expected budget allocation by ministry of health and ministry of livestock, stability of funding during project implementation period.