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. 2021 Feb 9;28(23):29551–29563. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12604-7

Table 1.

Experimental parameters measured in PM2.5 particles: mean values and standard deviation (SD) computed for all the investigated samples (total, n = 32) and the samples collected at the urban (n = 16) and rural sites (n = 16), separately. OPDTT and OPAA responses were measured after extraction with each investigated solvent and expressed as volume-based OPV (nmol min−1 m−3) and mass-based OPm (nmol min−1 μg−1) values. Concentrations of chemical components are expressed in ng m−3, unless differently specified. *Indicates statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) among the extraction solvents; †indicates statistically significant difference between urban and rural samples

Total (n = 32) Urban(n = 16) Rural (n = 16)
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
OPVDTT PB (nmol min−1 m−3) 0.19 0.18 0.41* 0.18 0.08† 0.04
OPVDTT G (nmol min−1 m−3) 0.10 0.09 0.16 0.08 0.03† 0.03
OPVDTT MeOH (nmol min−1 m−3) 0.11 0.09 0.18 0.08 0.02† 0.03
OPVAA PB (nmol min−1 m−3) 0.38 0.16 0.47 0.15 0.30 0.12
OPVAA G (nmol min−1 m−3) 0.34 0.22 0.42 0.26 0.27 0.12
OPVAA MeOH (nmol min-1 m-3) 0.22* 0.08 0.24* 0.08 0.22 0.14
OPmDTT PB (nmol min−1 μg−1) 0.014 0.008 0.023 0.018 0.002† 0.002
OPmDTT G (nmol min−1 μg−1) 0.006 0.004 0.009 0.003 0.002† 0.002
OPmDTT MeOH (nmol min−1 μg−1) 0.006 0.005 0.010 0.006 0.001† 0.001
OPmAA PB (nmol min−1 μg−1) 0.027 0.015 0.031 0.016 0.024 0.013
OPmAA Gamble (nmol min-1 μg-1) 0.023 0.013 0.026 0.013 0.021 0.013
OPmAA MeOH (nmol min−1 μg−1) 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.009 0.016 0.015
PM2.5 (μg m−3) 15.32 4.67 16.81 5.19 13.83† 3.66
OC (μg m−3) 3.95 1.41 4.42 1.49 3.48 1.14
EC (μg m−3) 0.79 0.41 1.04 0.43 0.54† 0.17
Levoglucosano 117.81 60.69 135.18 52.75 100.44 63.10
NH4+ (μg m−3) 1.83 0.72 1.93 0.77 1.74 0.66
K+ 84.69 43.87 92.50 42.20 76.88 44.12
Cl- 70.63 88.14 141.25 74.57 < LOD† -
NO3- (μg m−3) 3.43 1.65 3.74 1.76 3.12 1.46
SO42- (μg m−3) 1.54 0.81 1.65 0.81 1.42 0.80
Metals 91.89 144.16 166.46 82.56 26.65† 16.14
Fe 80.84 123.03 128 58.38 33.68† 27.24
Mn 1.89 1.32 2.49 1.63 1.33 0.48
Zn 0.46 0.69 < LOD - 0.92 0.73
Pb 4.58 5.60 10.21 3.52 < LOD† -
V 1.89 1.23 2.33 1.48 1.47† 0.69