Table 2.

Parameter estimates obtained from random intercept cross-lagged panel models examining prospective associations between team sport participation and mental health indices.

	Depressive Symptoms	Anxiety Symptoms	Emotional symptoms	Hyperactivity Symptoms	Conduct Problems	Peer Problems	Prosocial Behavior
	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)
Between-Person Effects
(BP) Team Sport ↔ MH Index	−.59 (.16)***	−.07 (.02)***	−.32 (.07)***	−.19 (.07)**	−.16 (.04)***	−.37 (.05)***	.14 (.05)**
Prospective Within-Person Effects
(AR1) Team Sport → Team Sport	.09 (.04)**	.10 (.04)**	.10 (.04)**	.09 (.04)*	.09 (.04)**	.10 (.04)**	.09 (.04)*
(AR2) MH Index → MH Index	.18 (.04)***	.48 (.04)***	.49 (.03)***	.34 (.03)***	.22 (.05)***	.28 (.04)***	.26 (.03)***
(CL1) Team Sport → MH Index	−.23 (.10)*	−.02 (.00)*	−.07 (.03)*	.04 (.03)	.03 (.02)	−.02 (.03)	−.02 (.03)
(CL2) MH Index → Team Sport	−.01 (.01)	−.12 (.07)	−.05 (.02)**	.02 (.02)	−.02 (.03)	−.03 (.03)	.00 (.03)
Contemporaneous Within-Person Covariance Estimates
(CV1) Team Sport ↔ MH Index	−.32 (.15)*	−.04 (.02)**	−.18 (.07)***	−.04 (.07)	−.02 (.04)	−.01 (.04)	.01 (.05)
(CV2) Team Sport ↔ MH Index	−.13 (.23)	−.04 (.02)	−.24 (.07)**	.02 (.07)	−.04 (.05)	−.12 (.06)*	−.06 (.06)
(CV3) Team Sport ↔ MH Index	−.18 (.20)	−.03 (.01)*	−.10 (.05)	.08 (.05)	.09 (.04)*	−.04 (.04)	−.02 (.04)
Model Fit Indices
RMSEA	.028	.058	.048	.029	.031	.049	.032
CFI	.993	.980	.988	.996	.995	.986	.994
SRMR	.015	.037	.024	.015	.016	.023	.018
Invariance Test by Sex
Constrained Model χ2 (DF)	41.74 (15)	74.58 (15)	50.95 (15)	32.89 (15)	33.23 (15)	60.68 (15)	45.92 (15)
Unconstrained Model χ2 (DF)	24.84 (10)	68.28 (10)	46.20 (10)	25.67 (10)	28.61 (10)	52.45 (10)	41.35 (10)
Δχ2	16.91, p = .005	6.31, p = .278	4.74, p = .448	7.22, p = .205	4.72, p = .452	8.23, p = .144	2.56, p = . 472

Note: MH = Mental health.

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.