Table 1.

Properties of common LDMs.

		Stable in watera	Stable in aira	Bandgap (eV)	Approximate zeta potential (mV)	Antibacterial activity
0D	Carbon	×b77	✓157	1.577	−2032,77	✓32
	BP	×b126	×158	0.5–1.1158	−10159	✓21
	BN	✓82	✓157	6.5160	−50161	NA
	g-C3N4	✓162	✓163	2.7164	−40165	✓123
	MoS2	✓166	×167	3.9–4.2157	−20168	✓74
	Ti3C2Tx	×169	×169	>0.183	−60170	NA
	ZnO	✓79	✓171	3.413	−4079	✓78
	TiO2	✓172	✓172	3.2129	N/A	✓136
1D	Carbon	✓173	✓173	0.5174	−30175	✓56
	BP	NA	✓18	2.6176	NA	NA
	BN	✓177	✓177	4.5174	−10178	✓90
	g-C3N4	✓163	✓163	2.8179	−30180	NA
	MoS2	✓181	✓182	2.5183	NA	NA
	CuO	✓39	✓39	3.2184	−2019	✓39
	ZnO	✓22	✓135	3.313	−15185	✓109
	TiO2	✓186	✓187	2.536	−30188	✓12
2D	Gr	×189	✓190	0191	−40192	×[b154
	GO	✓190	✓190	2.2193	−3023	✓97
	BP	×130	×194	2.0130	−3045	✓45
	hBN	×195	✓20	5.733	−35192	✓16
	g-C3N4	✓163	✓163	2.1163	−45196	✓99
	MoS2	✓49	×197	1.8198	−35192	✓47
	Ti3C2Tx	×169	×169	0.1–2147	−4023	✓118
	ZnO	✓94	✓94	3.413	−20199	✓94

^aStable over 7 days.

^bRequires functionalization.