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. 2021 Jun 23;11:13186. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92574-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of hypoxia ± heat treatment on cell viability and monolayer integrity in the co-culture of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. (A) LDH release of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells co-culture after 2 h of hypoxia ± heat treatment. In the positive control group, the cells were lysed with lysis buffer. (B) TEER values of the co-culture monolayer before and after 2 h of hypoxia ± heat treatment. (C) Lucifer Yellow permeability assay of the co-culture monolayer after 2 h of hypoxia ± heat treatment. All values were presented as means ± SEM (N = 3, n = 3). Statistical differences were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test. ****p < 0.0001; significant different from control (A, B and D). Means without a common letter differ at p < 0.05 (C). posit. ctrl positive control; hyp. hypoxia.