Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of study participants stratified by GeneXpert.
| Characteristics | All participants (n = 587) | Cases | Controls |
|---|---|---|---|
| GeneXpert-positive (n = 479) | GeneXpert-negative (n = 108) | ||
| Age in years, Median (IQR) | 34 (26–41) | 33 (25–40) | 39 (31–45) |
| Age group in years, n (%) | |||
| 18–24 | 113 (19.3) | 105 (21.9) | 8 (7.4) |
| 25–34 | 200 (34.1) | 174 (36.3) | 26 (24.1) |
| 35–44 | 170 (28.9) | 129 (26.9) | 41 (37.9) |
| ≥ 45 | 104 (17.7) | 71 (14.8) | 33 (30.6) |
| Female, n (%) | 168 (28.6) | 133 (27.7) | 35 (32.4) |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 18.66 (17.00–20.87) | 18.31 (16.80–20.05) | 21.46 (19.11–23.73) |
| Smoker, n (%) | 146 (24.9) | 111 (23.2) | 35 (32.4) |
| HIV+, n (%) | 104 (17.7) | 78 (16.3) | 26 (24.1) |
| On ART, n (%) | na | 76 (97.4) | nd |
| Symptoms1, n (%) | |||
| Cough | 576 (98.1) | 473 (98.7) | 103 (93.4) |
| Fever | 464 (79) | 398 (83.1) | 66 (61.1) |
| Night sweat | 327 (55.7) | 298 (62.2) | 29 (26.9) |
| Significant weight loss | 424 (72.2) | 381 (79.5) | 43 (39.8) |
| TB patient category, n (%) | |||
| New | 468 (97.3) | 466 (97.3) | 2* (1.8) |
| Relapse | 12 (2.5) | 12 (2.5) | – |
| Treatment after default | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.02) | – |
| Full blood counts1 (109 cells/L) | |||
| White Blood cells, median (IQR) | 7.23 (5.78–9.04) | 7.55 (6.12–9.46) | 5.95 (4.79–7.14) |
| Platelets, median (IQR) | 323 (243–417) | 344 (262–430) | 251 (208–305) |
| Red blood cells, mean (± SD) | 4.61 (0.85) | 4.61 (0.87) | 4.59 (0.78) |
| Culture results, n (%) | |||
| Scanty | 29 (4.9) | 27 (5.6) | 2* (1.8) |
| 1+ | 231 (39.6) | 231 (48.2) | – |
| 2+ | 136 (23.2) | 136 (28.4) | – |
| 3+ | 30 (5.1) | 30 (6.3) | – |
| Contaminated | 2 (0.34) | 2 (0.41) | – |
| Negative | 145 (24.7) | 41 (8.6) | 104 (96.3) |
| Missing | 14 (2.4) | 12 (2.5) | 2 (1.8) |
| GeneXpert1, n (%) | |||
| MTB detected | 475 (99.2) | 475 (99.2) | – |
| MTB not detected | 108 (100) | 108 (100) | |
| MTB detected/Rif resistance | 4 (0.8) | 4 (0.8) | – |
BMI-Body mass index, Culture results; Scanty: < 20 colonies, 1+: 20 to 200 colonies, 2+: > 200 discrete colonies, 3+: > 200 confluent colonies. * Recruited as controls but included as cases, MTB: M. tuberculosis, RIF: Rifampicin, ART: Antiretroviral therapy; 1Symptoms/condition at enrolment, na: not applicable, nd: no data.