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. 2021 Jun 23;11:13099. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92473-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A hypothetical model for crayfish hemocyte development. Crayfish hemocytes develop along a single lineage, the GC lineage. Active proliferating progenitor cells represent > 20% of the population in HPT. The hemocyte precursors produced by progenitor cells differentiate in HPT for 3–4 days. Immature hemocytes are released into the circulation in the form of SGCs, which continue to develop in circulation for at least one month before maturity. GC represents the terminal stage of hemocyte development. Because the portion of GCs in circulation is relatively stable, the time required for cell maturation may extend to ~ 3 months. Mature cells can survive for as long as 2 months. Although hemocytes show similar morphological changes during development, they do not need to be identical. Subpopulations with different functions are very likely to exist.