FIGURE 4.

Profiles of mood states during learning with the three writing tools. The POMS T-scores of Vigor or Activity were significantly higher when learning by writing with an ink pen (light blue) than when learning with a keyboard (red). The scores of Anger or Hostility showed main effect on the learning (#), but post hoc test did not show significant differences. There was no difference between the writing tools and between the participant groups for the other negative moods, i.e., Confusion or Bewilderment, Depression or Dejection, Fatigue or Inertia, and Tension or Anxiety. Each bar shows the grand average of the participants. The error bar represents the standard error. *p < 0.05.