FIGURE 6.

Comparison with the results of our previous study (Osugi et al., 2019): influence of the task difficulty. (A) In the familiar group, the number of memorized words and task accuracy were lower in the present study than in the previous one. No significant difference in the N400 priming effect was evidenced between the studies. (B) In the unfamiliar group, the number of memorized words and task accuracy were also lower in the present study than in the previous one. The N400 priming effect in the digital pen condition was significantly smaller in the present study than in the previous one. There was no difference in the N400 priming effect in the ink pen condition between the studies. For the number of memorized words and task accuracy, each bar shows the grand average of the two writing tools across the participants. For the N400 priming effect, each bar shows the grand average across the participants. The error bar represents the standard error. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. n.s., non-significant.