TABLE 1.
Antiviral properties of selected food bioactive constituents.
| Bioactive compound | Antiviral activity | References |
| Phycocyanobilin | Spirulina extract exhibited anti-flu efficacy against wide range of influenza viruses with EC50 values from 0.58 to 1.17 mg/mL. | Chen et al., 2016 |
| Quercetin | Inhibited hepatitis C virus production almost completely (>95%) at concentration of 10 μM. | Bachmetov et al., 2012 |
| Riboflavin | In combination with poly r(A-U) showed 7 to 12-fold antiviral activity against human foreskin fibroblast-vesicular stomatitis virus | Jamison et al., 1990 |
| Cyanidin | Cyanidin-3-sambubiocide was found to be a potent inhibitor for H1N1 neuraminidase (NA) activity with IC50 value 72 μM. | Kannan and Kolandaivel, 2018 |
| Daidzein | Exhibited anti-dengue activity with IC50 = 142.6 μg mL–1 against DENV-2. | Zandi et al., 2011 |
| Genistein | Reduced hepatitis B virus production with an IC50 value of 33 and 46 μM for human and macaque fibroblasts, respectively. | LeCher et al., 2019 |
| Catechin | Catechins (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) were identified as potent inhibitors of influenza virus replication with EC50 of 22–28 and 22–40 μM, respectively. | Song et al., 2005 |
| Resveratrol | MERS-CoV titer reduced 4 logs by resveratrol treatment at 250 μM concentration after 48 h of infection. | Lin et al., 2017 |
| Curcumin | Curcumin and its derivatives showed antiviral effects on HSV-1 in cell culture with IC50 values in range of 13.9–33.0 μg/mL. | Zandi et al., 2010 |
| Astaxanthin | Pre-treatment of Vero cells with 75 μg mL–1 of Haematococcus pluvialis ethanol extract with carotenoids inhibited Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection by approximately 85%. | Santoyo et al., 2012 |
| β-carotene | Pre-treatment of Vero cells with 75 μg mL-1 of H. pluvialis ethanol extract with carotenoids inhibited Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection by approximately 85%. | Santoyo et al., 2012 |
| Capsaicin | Methanolic extract of Capsicum annuum exhibited a considerable anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 activities at the concentration of 25 μg/mL. | Hafiz et al., 2017 |
| Gingerol | Fresh Zingiber officinale inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) with IC50 of 144.9 μg/mL in HEp-2 cells and 73.3 μg/ml in A549 cells. | San Chang et al., 2013 |
| Vanillin | MY21 (a vanillin derivative) had the IC50 of 50 μM against H1N1 neuraminidase (NA). | Hariono et al., 2016 |
| Eugenol | IC50 values for the anti-HSV effects of eugenol were 25.6 and 16.2 μg/mL for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. | Benencia and Courreges, 2000 |
| Thymol | Exhibited significant antiviral activity with an IC50 of 7 μM against herpes simplex virus type I. | Lai et al., 2012 |