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Regulation of HN on MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, and JAK2/STAT3 under oxidative stress. HN inhibits intracellular Ca2+ influx, inhibits ROS formation, activates MAPKs inhibitors, inhibits the activation of JNK and p38 MAPK, and reduces oxidative stress damage; HN activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which further activates the downstream JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, promotes the expression of antioxidant protein, reduces the level of ROS, and reduces the oxidative stress damage.
