Table 1.
Pro-resolving factors that promote phagocytosis.
| Phagocyte | Phagocytic action elicited | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipid Mediators | EPA Derived | RvE1 | Macrophages (human and murine) | -Increases phagocytosis of Zymosan, E. coli, C. albicans | (15–19) |
| Neutrophils (human and murine) | |||||
| -Promotes efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| RvE2 | Macrophages (human) | -Increases phagocytosis of Zymosan | (20) | ||
| RvE4 | Macrophages (human) | -Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN, effete RBCs | (21, 22) | ||
| DHA Derived | RvD1, AT-RvD1 | Macrophages (human, murine, rat) | - Increases phagocytosis of Zymosan, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, NTHi, IgA-OVA-coated beads, Amyloidβ, clot particles, cancer cell debris | (23–41) | |
| Neutrophils (human and murine) | - Promotes efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN, osteoblasts, Jurkats, macrophages, thymocytes, and sickle cell RBCs | ||||
| Fibroblasts (human) | -Enhances clearance of necroptotic cells | ||||
| RvD2 | Macrophages (human and murine) | -Enhances phagocytosis of live E. coli | (29, 42–44) | ||
| Neutrophils (human and murine) | |||||
| -Promotes efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN apoptotic osteoblasts | |||||
| RvD3, AT-RvD3 | Macrophages (human and murine) | -Enhances phagocytosis | (40, 45) | ||
| -Promotes efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| -Increases uptake of cancer cell debris | |||||
| RvD4 | Macrophages (human) | -Enhances phagocytosis of S. aureus, Zymosan | (25, 46) | ||
| Fibroblasts (Human) | |||||
| Whole blood phagocytes | |||||
| -Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| RvD5 | Macrophages (human) | -Enhances phagocytosis of E. coli | (23) | ||
| MaR1, MaR2 | Macrophages (human and murine) | -Enhances phagocytosis of E. coli, Zymosan | (47–50) | ||
| –Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| PD1/NPD1, AT-PD1 | Macrophages (human and murine) | -Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN, thymocytes | (15, 23, 41, 51–54) | ||
| Cys SPMs: | Macrophages (human and murine) | -Enhances phagocytosis of E. coli, Zymosan | (8, 55–59) | ||
| MCTR1, | |||||
| MCTR2, | |||||
| MCTR3, | -Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | ||||
| PCTR1, | |||||
| PCTR2, | |||||
| PCTR3, | |||||
| RCTR1, | |||||
| RCTR2, | |||||
| RCTR3 | |||||
| n-3 DPA derived SPMs | RvD5n-3DPA | Macrophages (human and murine) | -Increases phagocytosis of S. aureus, Zymosan | (9, 14, 60) | |
| PD1n-3DPA | |||||
| Marn-3DPA | |||||
| RvDn-3DPA | |||||
| RvT | -Enhances efferocytosis of apoptotic HL-60 cells | ||||
| AA Derived | LXA4, AT-LXA4 | Macrophages (human, murine, rat, THP-1 cells) | -Enhances efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | (61–63) | |
| LXB4, AT-LXB4 | Macrophages (human, murine, rat) | -Increases phagocytosis of E. coli | (63, 64) | ||
| -Enhances efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| Proteins | Annexin A1, Ac2-26 | Macrophages (human) | -Enhances efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | (65) | |
| DEL-1 | Macrophages (murine) | -Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | (66) | ||
| IL-10 | Macrophages (human) | -Increases phagocytosis of E. coli | (67) | ||
| -Enhances efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| IFN-β | Macrophages (murine) | -Enhances efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | (68) | ||
| Galectin-1 | Microglial cells Macrophages | -Enhances phagocytosis of myelin | (69, 70) | ||
| –Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| Galectin-3 | Neutrophils (human) | -Enhances phagocytosis IgG-RBCs | (71, 72) | ||
| Macrophages (murine) | |||||
| –Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| Melanocortin | Macrophages (murine) | -Enhances phagocytosis of zymosan | (73) | ||
| –Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| Alpha-2-macroglobin | Macrophages (murine) | -Enhances phagocytosis of zymosan | (74) | ||
| –Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| Gases | H2S | Macrophages | -Enhances phagocytosis of bacteria | (75) | |
| CO | Macrophages (human) | -Increases phagocytosis of zymosan | (76) | ||
| –Increases efferocytosis of apoptotic PMN | |||||
| Nucleotides | Adenosine | PMN | -Stimulates Fc-mediated phagocytosis | (77) | |
| Lipids | Estrogen | Microglial cells | -Stimulated efferocytosis of apoptotic PC12 cells | (78) |