Table 2.
Prevalence estimates for major depression and depressive symptoms among YLWH from SSA according to the measurement tool used
| Author, year | Country | Outcome of interest | Sample size (n) | Assessment tool used | Cut‐off score | Information on local tool validation | Prevalence estimates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The mini‐international neuropsychiatric interview for children and adolescents (MINI‐KID) | |||||||
| Adeyemo et al., 2020 [45] | Nigeria | Major Depression | 201 | MINI‐KID | NA | – |
16.9% |
| Ashaba et al., 2018 [64] | Uganda | Major Depression | 224 | MINI‐KID | NA | – | 16.0% |
| Ashaba et al. [46] | Nigeria | Major Depression |
75 HIV+ 75 HIV− |
MINI‐KID | NA | – |
20.0% among HIV+ 6.7% among HIV− p = 0.01 |
| International classification of diseases, tenth edition (ICD‐10) symptom checklist | |||||||
| Musisi & Kinyanda, 2009 [50] | Uganda | Major Depression | 82 | ICD‐10 | NA | – | 40.8% |
| The youth inventory fourth revision (YI‐4R) and the child and adolescent symptom inventory‐5 (CASI‐5) | |||||||
| Kinyanda et al., 2019 [55] | Uganda | Symptoms of Major Depression | 479 |
YI‐4R CASI‐5 |
NR |
Cronbach alpha of 0.88 and test–retest reliability of 0.2, p < 0.01 Cronbach alpha of 0.77 and test–retest reliability of 0.17, p < 0.01 |
5.2% |
| The patient health questionnaire for adolescents (PHQ‐A) | |||||||
| Buckley et al., 2020 [65] | South Africa | Symptoms of Major Depression |
81 HIV+ 81 HIV− |
PHQ‐A | NR | NR |
6.2% among HIV+ 7.4% among HIV− p = 0.99 |
| The 9‐item patient health questionnaire (PHQ‐9) | |||||||
| Dow et al., 2016 [53] | Tanzania | Depressive symptoms | 182 | PHQ‐9 | ≥10 | NR | 12.1% |
| Dyer et al., 2020 [60] | Kenya | Depressive symptoms | 479 | PHQ‐9 | ≥5 | NR | 10.0% |
| Ekat et al., 2020 [49] | DRC | Depressive symptoms | 135 | PHQ‐9 | ≥9 | NR | 38.5% |
| Gaitho et al., 2018 [77] | Kenya | Depressive symptoms | 270 | PHQ‐9 | ≥1 | NR | 52.6% |
| Haas et al., 2020 [78] | South Africa | Depressive symptoms | 1088 | PHQ‐9 | ≥10 | NR | 4.4% |
| Ramos et al., 2018 [57] | Tanzania | Depressive symptoms | 280 | PHQ‐9 | ≥10 | NR | 20.4% |
| The centre for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES‐D) | |||||||
| Fawzi et al., 2016 [51] | Rwanda | Depressive symptoms | 193 | CES‐D | ≥30 | Not provided in this study. However, the authors note that they used a CES‐D previously validated in Rwanda | 26.0% |
| Filiatreau et al., 2020 [62] | South Africa | Depressive symptoms | 334 | CES‐D | ≥16 | Cronbach alpha of 0.76 | 27.5% |
| Kemigisha et al., 2019 [54] | Uganda | Depressive symptoms | 336 | CES‐D | ≥15 | Cronbach alpha of 0.85 | 45.8% |
| Okawa et al., 2018 [56] | Zambia | Depressive symptoms | 190 | CES‐D (10‐item) | ≥10 | Cronbach alpha of 0.74 | 25.3% |
| The child depression inventory | |||||||
| Lwidiko et al., 2018 [82] | Tanzania | Depressive symptoms |
300 HIV+ 600 HIV− |
CDI‐II | ≥12 | Cronbach alpha of 0.7 |
27.0% among HIV+ 5.8% among HIV− p < 0.001 |
| Cavazos‐Rehg et al., 2020 [81] | Uganda | Depressive symptoms | 675 | CDI‐S (Short form) | ≥3 | Authors claim to have used culturally adapted tools | 50.3% |
| West et al., 2018 [58] | South Africa | Depressive symptoms | 278 | CDI‐S (Short form) | ≥7 | Not provided in this study, but authors note that the tool was previously validated in South Africa | 7.6% |
| Woollett et al., 2017 [59] | South Africa | Depressive symptoms | 343 | CDI‐S (Short form) | ≥10 | Not provided in this study, but authors say they used measures previously validated among youth in South Africa (Cronbach alpha >0.70) | 14.0% |
| Beck’s depression inventory‐II (BDI‐II) | |||||||
| Abebe et al., 2019 [84] | Ethiopia | Depressive symptoms | 507 | BDI‐II | ≥21 | NR | 35.5% |
| Earnshaw et al., 2018 [61] | South Africa | Depressive symptoms | 250 | BDI‐II | ≥20 | Cronbach alpha of 0.9 | 33.8% |
| Yarhere & Jaja, 2020 [48] | Nigeria | Depressive symptoms | 58 | BDI‐II | ≥11 | NR | 44.8% |
| Beck’s youth inventory‐II (BYI‐II) | |||||||
| Hoare et al., 2019 [66] | South Africa | Depressive symptoms |
204 HIV+ 44 HIV− |
BYI‐II (Depression inventory) | NR | NR |
6.4% among HIV+ 2.3% among HIV− p < 0.01 |
| Kikuchi et al., 2017 [67] | Rwanda | Depressive symptoms | 475 | BYI‐II (Depression inventory) | >55 | Cronbach alpha of 0.84 | 22.1% |
| The revised children’s depression rating scale (CDRS‐R) | |||||||
| Kim et al., 2015 [28] | Malawi | Depressive symptoms | 562 | CDRS‐R | ≥55 | Not provided in this study. Authors provide a reference for information on tool validation | 18.9% |
| The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) | |||||||
| Sale & Gadanya, 2008 [47] | Nigeria | Depressive symptoms | 162 | HADS (Depression scale) | ≥8 | NR | 39.5% |
| Reynolds adolescent depression scale‐second edition (RADS‐2) | |||||||
| Paul et al., 2015 [63] | Zambia | Depressive symptoms | 100 | RADS‐2 | ≥76 | NR | 19.0% |
| NIH toolbox sadness module | |||||||
| Molinaro et al., 2019 † [52] | Zambia | Depressive symptoms |
200 HIV+ 200 HIV− |
NIH | ≥60 | NE |
24.0% among HIV+ 13.0% among HIV− p = 0.03 |
†
This work was only available as a published abstract from an annual meeting with prevalence data within the abstract. DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo; NA, Not Applicable; NE, Not Extracted; NR, Not Reported.