Table 4.
Sociodemographic, psychosocial and HIV‐related correlates of major depression or depressive symptoms among young people living with HIV from SSA
| Author, year | Outcome | Measure of effect (precision) | Sociodemographic correlates | Psychosocial correlates | HIV‐related correlates | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk indicators | Protective indicators | Risk indicators | Protective indicators | Risk indicators | Protective indicators | |||
| Abebe et al., 2019 [84] | Depressive symptoms | AOR (95% CI) | ‐Older age: 2.20 (1.33 to 3.62) | NR |
‐Low social support: 2.74 (1.42 to 5.27) ‐HIV‐related stigma: 2.06 (1.35 to 3.14) |
NR |
‐Poor ART adherence: 1.73 (1.13 to 2.64) ‐History of opportunistic infections: 1.94 (1.15 to 3.27) |
NR |
| Ashaba et al., 2018 [64] | Major depression | AOR (95% CI) | NR | NR | ‐Bullying: 1.09 (1.00 to 1.20) | NR | NR | NR |
| Boyes et al., 2018 [69] | Depressive symptoms | β (Se) | ‐Older age: 0.07 (0.02) |
‐Better overall health: −0.18 (0.08) |
‐Internalized stigma: 0.29 (0.05) ‐Negative clinic interactions: 0.06 (0.02) ‐Emotional abuse 0.56 (0.14) ‐Sexual abuse: 0.83 (0.25) ‐Bullying victimisation: 0.04 (0.02) |
‐Self‐efficacy: −0.04 (0.02) ‐Higher social support: −0.11 (0.020) ‐Access to a clinic support group: −0.32 (0.10) ‐Positive parenting: −0.04 (0.01) |
‐ART side effects: 0.49 (0.12) | NR |
| Buckley et al., 2020 [65] | Symptoms of Major Depression | AOR (95% CI) | NR |
‐Living with someone with aggression or anger problems: 2.80 (1.05 to 7.44) ‐Ever witnessing violence at home: 4.34 (1.65 to 11.46) |
NR | NR | NR | |
| Cavazos‐Rehg et al., 2020 [81] | Depressive symptoms | AOR (95% CI) | ‐Male sex: 1.62 (1.15 to 2.27) | ‐Older age: 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98) | ‐Grandparent as primary caregiver: 1.83 (1.16 to 2.88) |
‐Higher social support (from friends): 0.96 (0.91 to 0.998) ‐Higher socio‐economic status (additional assets and employment): 0.85 (0.74 to 0.99) ‐Family cohesion: 0.94 (0.91 to 0.96) |
NR | NR |
| Dow et al., 2016 [53] | Depressive symptoms | MR (95% CI) |
‐Older age: 1.08 (1.03 to 1.14) ‐Female sex: 1.52 (1.11 to 2.09) |
NR | ‐HIV‐related stigma: 1.08 (1.04 to 1.11) | NR | ‐Poor ART adherence: 1.52 (1.07 to 2.18) | NR |
| Earnshaw et al., 2018 [61] | Depressive symptoms | ARR (95% CI) | NR |
‐Internalized stigma: 1.23 (1.13 to 1.34) ‐Associative stigma: 1.59 (1.37 to 1.84) |
NR | NR | NR | |
| Ekat et al., 2020 [49] | Depressive symptoms | APR (95% CI) |
‐Older age: 2.07 (1.06 to 4.04) ‐Stopping education: 1.60 (1.06 to 2.42) |
NR | NR | NR | ‐Poor ART adherence: 2.06 (1.23 to 3.45) | NR |
| Filiatreau et al., 2020 [62] | Depressive symptoms | APR (95% CI) | NR | NR |
‐History of physical violence: 2.02 (1.43 to 2.84) ‐History of sexual violence: 2.25 (1.58 to 3.19) ‐History of physical or sexual violence: 2.01 (1.43 to 2.83) ‐History of physical and sexual violence: 3.01 (2.06 to 4.39) |
NR | NR | NR |
| Gaitho et al., 2018 [77] | Depressive symptoms | AOR (95% CI) | ‐Older age: 2.34 (1.40 to 4.00) | NR | NR | NR | ‐Poor ART adherence: 1.84 (1.08 to 3.10) | NR |
| Haas et al., 2020 [78] | Depressive symptoms | AOR (95% CI) | NR |
‐Younger age: 10 to 12 years age group vs. 16 to 19 years age group = 0.05 (0.01 to 0.21) 13 to 15 years age group vs. 16 to 19 years group = 0.18 (0.08 to 0.40) |
‐Conflict in the household: 3.76 (1.97 to 7.17) | NR | NR | NR |
| Hoare et al., 2019 [66] | Depressive symptoms | β (95% CI) | ‐HIV+ status: 5.08 (1.35 to 8.82) | NR |
‐Stressful life events: 0.83 (0.57 to 1.08) ‐HIV‐related stigma: 9.93 (2.88 to 16.98) |
NR | NR | NR |
| Kemigisha et al., 2019 [54] | Depressive symptoms | AOR (95% CI) | ‐Travelling >30 minutes for routine clinic care: 1.66 (1.02 to 2.70) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Kikuchi et al., 2017 [67] | Depressive symptoms | AOR (95% CI) | NR | ‐Higher height‐for‐age: 0.78 (0.62 to 0.99) | ‐Caregiver depression: 1.79 (1.13 to 2.7) | NR | ‐Taking efavirenz: 2.33 (1.21 to 4.50) | NR |
| Kim et al., 2015 [28] | Depressive symptoms | β (95% CI) |
‐Female sex: 2.13 (0.82 to 3.43) ‐Fewer years of schooling: 3.84 (1.71 to 5.98) |
‐Not failing a school term/class: −1.46 (−2.76 to −0.17) ‐Not being in a romantic relationship: −2.38 (−4.35 to −0.41) |
‐Being bullied for taking ART: 5.31 (3.19 to 7.43) |
‐No death in the family: −1.77 (−3.15 to −0.39) ‐Satisfaction with physical appearance: −0.93 (−1.74 to 0.11) |
NR |
‐No immune suppression: −2.58 (−4.29 to −0.87) |
| Lwidiko et al., 2018 [82] | Depressive symptoms | AOR (95% CI) | ‐HIV+ status: 1.96 (1.1 to 3.45) | ‐Rural residence: 0.61 (0.39 to 0.96) | ‐History of childhood deprivation: 4.76 (2.79 to 8.13) | NR | NR | NR |
| Okawa et al., 2018 [56] | Depressive symptoms | AOR (95% CI) | NR | NR |
‐Unsatisfactory relationship with family: 3.01 (1.20 to 7.56) ‐Unsatisfactory relationship with health workers: 2.68 (1.04 to 6.93) ‐HIV‐related stigma: 2.99 (1.07 to 8.41) |
NR | NR | NR |
| West et al., 2018 [58] | Depressive symptoms | APR (95% CI) | NR | NR | NR | ‐Higher social support: 0.25 (0.10 to 0.59) | NR | NR |
| Yarhere & Jaja, 2020 [48] | Depressive symptoms | β (t) | NR | NR |
‐Insomnia: 5.61 (2.94) ‐Suicidal thoughts: 4.64 (3.39) |
NR | NR |
Higher CD4 count: −0.001 (2.74) |
AOR, Adjusted odds ratio; APR, Adjusted prevalence ratio; ART, Antiretroviral therapy; CD4, Cluster of Differentiation‐4; CI, Confidence interval; MR, Mean ratio; NR, None reported; Se, Standard error; t, t statistic; β, Beta coefficients (adjusted).