TABLE 1.
Demographic and neuropsychological data for ILA and control groups.
| HCs (n = 90) | ILA (n = 89) | T/χ2 | P-value | |
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age (years) | 65.6 ± 6.8 | 72.6 ± 6.9 | –6.791 | < 0.001a |
| Sex (male/female) | 35/55 | 42/47 | 1.258 | 0.262b |
| Education (years) | 12.3 ± 2.8 | 11.5 ± 3.4 | 1.579 | 0.116a |
| Neuropsychological test data | F | P-value | ||
| MMSE | 28.29 ± 1.41 | 27.02 ± 2.96 | 1.004 | 0.318c |
| Composite Z scores of each cognitive domain | ||||
| Episodic Memory | 0.50 ± 0.52 | −0.50 ± 0.79 | 51.650 | 0.000c |
| AVLT-DR (raw score) | 7.42 ± 2.20 | 3.91 ± 2.97 | 34.705 | 0.000c |
| LMT-DR (raw score) | 8.14 ± 2.53 | 4.68 ± 3.42 | 36.430 | 0.000c |
| CFT-DR (raw score) | 19.44 ± 5.92 | 12.34 ± 7.98 | 19.399 | 0.000c |
| Visuospatial Function | 0.17 ± 0.59 | −0.17 ± 0.86 | 0.342 | 0.559c |
| CFT (raw score) | 32.44 ± 5.34 | 31.29 ± 6.36 | 0.118 | 0.731c |
| CDT (raw score) | 8.81 ± 1.23 | 8.04 ± 1.77 | 1.530 | 0.218c |
| Processing Speed | 0.37 ± 0.66 | −0.37 ± 0.87 | 6.555 | 0.011c |
| DSST (raw score) | 42.03 ± 11.61 | 29.47 ± 12.43 | 9.411 | 0.003c |
| TMT-A (raw score, second) | 61.91 ± 16.50 | 87.46 ± 37.95 | 8.983 | 0.003c |
| Stroop A (raw score, second) | 26.58 ± 4.77 | 32.32 ± 9.56 | 4.384 | 0.038c |
| Stroop B (raw score, second) | 40.23 ± 11.55 | 48.94 ± 14.97 | 2.701 | 0.102c |
| Executive Function | 0.33 ± 0.54 | −0.33 ± 0.74 | 13.588 | 0.000c |
| VFT-objects (raw score) | 25.23 ± 6.13 | 18.92 ± 6.46 | 23.433 | 0.000c |
| VFT-animals (raw score) | 20.32 ± 5.18 | 16.71 ± 5.69 | 7.122 | 0.008c |
| DST-backward (raw score) | 4.99 ± 1.47 | 4.18 ± 1.58 | 2.058 | 0.153c |
| TMT-B (raw score, second) | 159.68 ± 46.07 | 227.25 ± 116.83 | 3.520 | 0.062c |
| Stroop C (raw score, second) | 80.62 ± 22.99 | 102.09 ± 41.64 | 2.963 | 0.087c |
| Similarity (raw score) | 19.14 ± 3.07 | 15.93 ± 4.48 | 16.648 | 0.000c |
All of the subjects were matched for sex and education. Data are presented as the means ± SD. HCs, healthy controls; ILA, ischemic leukoaraiosis; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; AVLT-DR, auditory verbal learning test-20 min delayed recall; LMT-DR, logical memory test-20 min delayed recall; CFT-DR, Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test-20 min delayed recall; CFT, Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test; CDT, clock drawing test; DSST, digital symbol substitution test; TMT-A, trail making test-A; Stroop, stroop color and word tests; VFT, verbal fluency test; DST, digit span test; TMT-B, trail making test-B; Similarity, semantic similarity test. aIndependent-sample t-test. bχ2 test. cAnalysis of covariance (ANCOVA).