Table 2.
Measure outcomes at baseline (T0), after 12 months (T1), and 12 months after the device removal (T2); and between group and within group differences for psychological variables.
| EB group | Control group | ANCOVA (EB group vs. control group) | ANOVA (EB group) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 (n = 19) | T1 (n = 19) | T2 (n = 12) | T0 (n = 26) | T1 (n = 16) | Between group differences (T0–T1)* | Baseline measurements (T0)** | T0 vs. T1 | T0 vs. T2 | |||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | |
| YSR | |||||||||||||
| Anxious/depressed | 7.37 (6.16) | 5.26 (6.40) | 3.90 (4.25) | 5.25 (4.83) | 4.50 (3.20) | 1.834 | 0.185 | 56.744 | 0.000 | 8.247 | 0.010 | 10.557 | 0.010 |
| Withdrawn/depressed | 3.74 (2.85) | 2.79 (2.59) | 2.90 (2.56) | 5.17 (3.80) | 4.13 (2.28) | 0.567 | 0.457 | 22.868 | 0.000 | 4.726 | 0.043 | 0.112 | 0.745 |
| Somatic complaints | 3.89 (4.04) | 1.58 (1.68) | 1.80 (2.62) | 2.46 (2.40) | 3.69 (3.26) | 12.478 | 0.001 | 10.923 | 0.002 | 7.703 | 0.012 | 2.609 | 0.141 |
| Social problems | 4.63 (2.94) | 2.81 (2.95) | 2.00 (1.87) | 3.17 (2.60) | 3.50 (2.58) | 2.472 | 0.127 | 7.470 | 0.011 | 9.121 | 0.009 | 14.253 | 0.007 |
| Thought problems | 3.42 (3.73) | 1.95 (1.75) | 2.30 (2.91) | 2.04 (1.97) | 2.50 (2.03) | 1.743 | 0.196 | 3.074 | 0.089 | 3.111 | 0.095 | 1.000 | 0.343 |
| Attention problems | 6.37 (5.16) | 5.63 (4.72) | 4.60 (4.27) | 5.71 (3.06) | 5.13 (2.31) | 0.004 | 0.950 | 65.060 | 0.000 | 2.025 | 0.172 | 5.000 | 0.052 |
| Rule—breaking behaviour | 4.47 (4.16) | 3.79 (2.88) | 3.90 (2.85) | 4.25 (2.47) | 4.13 (2.92) | 1.057 | 0.312 | 41.859 | 0.000 | 1.454 | 0.243 | 3.857 | 0.081 |
| Aggressive behaviour | 7.84 (3.70) | 6.84 (3.61) | 5.70 (4.03) | 6.58 (3.88) | 5.50 (2.76) | 0.015 | 0.903 | 34.373 | 0.000 | 2.631 | 0.122 | 5.597 | 0.042 |
| Internalising problems | 15.00 (10.98) | 11.68 (12.23) | 8.60 (7.29) | 12.88 (9.94) | 14,.88 (12.95) | 2.265 | 0.142 | 14.926 | 0.001 | 4.362 | 0.051 | 5.862 | 0.039 |
| Externalising problems | 12.68 (7.17) | 12.89 (9.04) | 9.80 (6.37) | 10.83 (5.63) | 12.25 (11.75) | 0.075 | 0.787 | 4.123 | 0.051 | 0.011 | 0.916 | 13.071 | 0.006 |
| Total problems | 49.68 (25.35) | 37.37 (22.15) | 32.30 (17.99) | 40.33 (19.50) | 38.69 (16.45) | 7.196 | 0.011 | 80.304 | 0.000 | 32.178 | 0.000 | 9.551 | 0.013 |
| MBSRQ | |||||||||||||
| Appearance evaluation | 2.24 (0.82) | 2.76 (0.70) | 2.72 (0.67) | 2.73 (0.79) | 2.71 (0.91) | 0.595 | 0.447 | 7.956 | 0.009 | 6.789 | 0.019 | 3.291 | 0.113 |
| Appearance orientation | 3.24 (0.60) | 3.34 (0.52) | 3.16 (0.53) | 3.24 (0.70) | 3.18 (0.62) | 0.077 | 0.783 | 14.164 | 0.001 | 0.231 | 0.637 | 1.482 | 0.263 |
| Overweight preoccupation | 2.96 (0.69) | 3.13 (0.77) | 3.16 (0.81) | 2.78 (0.89) | 2.53 (0.46) | 3.741 | 0.063 | 2.679 | 0.113 | 0.025 | 0.875 | 0.079 | 0.787 |
| Self-classified weight | 4.74 (0.36) | 4.58 (0.61) | 4.55 (0.44) | 4.40 (0.57) | 4.50 (0.55) | 0.204 | 0.655 | 9.899 | 0.004 | 1.000 | 0.332 | 2.032 | 0.197 |
| Body satisfaction | 2.70 (0.50) | 2.87 (0.67) | 2.74 (0.77) | 3.04 (0.58) | 3.06 (0.72) | 0.031 | 0.862 | 9.238 | 0.005 | 1.914 | 0.185 | 1.116 | 0.326 |
| EDE-Q | |||||||||||||
| Restraint | 1.59 (0.94) | 2.16 (1.09) | 2.20 (1.57) | 1.75 (1.02) | 1.12 (0.87) | 9.605 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.912 | 3.028 | 0.101 | 0.483 | 0.510 |
| Eating concern | 1.18 (1.20) | 0.77 (0.73) | 1.16 (0.99) | 1.01 (0.96) | 0.83 (1.05) | 0.081 | 0.778 | 2.424 | 0.130 | 1.705 | 0.210 | 1.371 | 0.280 |
| Weight concern | 3.22 (1.22) | 2.98 (1.04) | 3.10 (1.36) | 2.70 (1.31) | 2.35 (1.23) | 3.053 | 0.091 | 36.769 | 0.000 | 0.746 | 0.400 | 1.465 | 0.265 |
| Shape concern | 3.25 (1.45) | 2.91 (1.36) | 2.97 (1.45) | 2.76 (1.48) | 2.33 (1.44) | 1.051 | 0.314 | 32.173 | 0.000 | 2.928 | 0.106 | 3.124 | 0.120 |
| Overeating episodes | 3.59 (6.92) | 1.11 (1.68) | 1.22 (1.20) | 2.83 (4.68) | 2.14 (2.04) | 1.497 | 0.235 | 0.001 | 0.975 | 1.967 | 0.180 | 0.401 | 0.550 |
EB Group, intervention group with device implantation; YSR, The Youth Self Report; MBSRQ, The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire; EDE-Q, The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; Statically significant p-values appear in bold text.
*
Differences between experimental and control group after 12 months (T0-T1).
**
Differences between experimental and control at the baseline (T0).