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. 2021 Jun 10;12:666953. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666953

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Copyright © 2021 Diks, Khatri, Oosten, de Mooij, Groenland, Teodosio, Perez-Andres, Orfao, Berbers, Zwaginga, van Dongen and Berkowska

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of changes detected in human peripheral blood post-Boostrix vaccination in this study. Created with BioRender.com. Up to 5 days post-vaccination, fluctuations were found in the levels of circulating neutrophils and monocytes, with a change in total monocyte composition (based on expression of CD14 and CD16, with increased levels of intermediate and non-classical monocytes). Circulating plasma cells started expanding from day 5 onwards with a sharp peak in (predominantly IgG1) plasma cell levels at day 7 simultaneous with plasma cell maturation. Changes in circulating memory B-cell numbers were limited. Increase in Ag-specific IgG serum levels occurred from day 7 onwards and only showed signs of waning at day 365. Despite in-depth analysis, no uniform changes were detected in circulating T-cell subsets. Baseline cell count and Ag-specific serum Ig levels did not seem to influence the levels of Ag-specific IgGs.