TABLE 3.

Summary of results of the included V-SRP studies.

Study	Task	Main Results	Other Results
TMS studies
Neutral
Lou et al., 2004	Rate the applicability of personality traits to self, best friend, and the Danish Queen. Then indicate their previous choice as fast as they can	SPE was reduced by TMS to Pz applied 160ms post-stimulus (self > other)	No effect was found in the Fz stimulation condition
Lou et al., 2010	Same as Lou et al., 2004, but without the Danish Queen condition	SPE was reduced by TMS to both left and right IPL applied 160ms, 240ms, and 480 ms post-stimulus. The left IPL had a much stronger effects than right IPL.	No effect was found in the Fz stimulation condition
Affective
Kwan et al., 2007	Assign positive, neutral and negative adjectives to either the self or their best friend	real stimulation over the MPFC reduced SEB compared to sham	Precuneus stimulation was also found to reduced SEB but only compared to the Supplementary motor area stimulation
Barrios et al., 2008	Assign egotistic or moralistic adjectives that are either positive or negative to the self or best friend	TMS to the MPFC significantly reduced SEB but only for egotistic words	No self-enhancement effect was found among their all-female samples
Luber et al., 2012	Assign desirable and undesirable adjectives to either the self or their best friend	real stimulation over the MPFC reduced SEB compared to sham	TMS over the parietal cortex did not affect the self-enhancement effect
De Pisapia et al., 2019	Assign positive and negative adjectives to the self, close other, and the Eiffel Tower or count the number of syllables.	rTMS to the MFPC resulted in inhibition of negative self-evaluation.	(1) TMS reduced the BOLD signal in the MPFC in other condition more than self; (2) TMS increased PCC BOLD signal in negative > positive; (3) TMS over the MPFC increased the BOLD signal in the bilateral IPL only for negative adjective assignment to the self
tDCS studies
Neutral
Schäfer and Frings, 2019	Recall previously learned word associations with the self, an other, and a neutral object	anodal VMPFC with cathodal DLPFC had no effect in all conditions	N/A
Affective
De Raedt et al. (2017).	Respond “true” or “false” to positive or negative statements related to the self. Then listened to the negative statements in audio format	anodal tDCS over the DLPFC with cathodal r-SOA reduced negative self-evaluation compared to sham	participants reported being more tired, less vigorous, and less cheerful after both real and sham tDCS
Dedoncker et al. (2019).	Female participants listened to critical, neutral, and positive comments about them. Also reported their perceived level of criticism in their life.	Anodal left DLPFC stimulation reduced emotional responsiveness (measured by functional connectivity) toward criticisms in females with a high level of perceived criticism	Participants reported more fatigue, less vigor, and less cheerful after both real and sham tDCS Participants reported more anger and more depressed after being criticized
Mainz et al. (2020)	Respond descriptiveness of positive and negative adjectives related to the self. Then asked to recall the adjectives regardless of valence	anodal MPFC with cathodal near Oz had no effect for both conditions	Participants exhibited self-enhancement bias toward positive words

Abbreviations: SPE, Self-processing effect; SEB, self-enhancement bias; SOA, supraorbital area; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex. See ‘Abbreviations’ under Table 1 for missing abbreviations.