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. 2021 May 21;12(6):589. doi: 10.3390/mi12060589

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) SEM images of niobia nanostructured films formed after porous alumina assisted anodizing of Al/Nb bilayer system on glass at 53 V in 0.2 M oxalic acid and a complete removal of the porous alumina; (b) porous alumina assisted high voltage reanodizing in the mixed solution of 0.5 M boric acid and 0.05 M sodium tetraborate at 230 V (native film); (c) planarization of niobia nanostructured film by removal of the unfilled porous alumina portion (planarized film); (d) complete removal of the porous alumina (column-like film).