Table 2.

The MPOD for each study.

Lead Author; Year	Group	Subgroup	MPOD		Serum Nutrients Lutein
			Baseline	Post	(μmol/mL)	p Values	Effect Size
			M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	(t-test)	(Cohen’s d)
Lindbergh; 2018 [24]	Placebo		0.44 (0.14)	0.44 (0.19)		0.961	0.03
	Supplement		0.54 (0.19)	8.80 (2.16)		0.016	0.95
Lindbergh; 2020 [22]	Placebo		0.44 (0.14)	0.44 (0.19)		0.961	0.03
	Supplement		0.50 (0.21)	0.57 (0.23)		0.008	0.98
Mewborn; 2019 [25]	Placebo	Responder	0.45 (0.20)	0.69 (0.23)
		Non-responder	0.57 (0.17)	0.51 (0.17)
	Supplement	Responder	0.39 (0.16)	0.594 (0.16)
		Non-responder	0.50 (0.99)	0.37 (0.18)
Ceravolo; 2019 [26]	Placebo		0.47 (0.17)	-		Non-significant
	Supplement		0.52 (0.18)	0.58 (0.23)		<0.03
Mewborn; 2018a [27]	Younger adults		0.43 (0.16)
	Older adults		0.50 (0.17)
Mewborn; 2018b [28]			0.50 (0.18)
Lindbergh; 2017 [29]			0.51 (0.18)
Zamroziewicz; 2016 [21]					454 (275)
Oliver; 2019 [30]	Younger adults		0.43 (0.17)
	Older adults		0.50 (0.19)

MPOD: Macular pigment optical density; M: Mean; SD: Standard deviation.