Table 5.

Altered ultrasonic communication in Shank models

Mouse model of ASD	USVs features vs. WT mice		References
	Quantitative parameters	Qualitative parameters
Shank1 KO
Pups	↓ Number and frequency modulation, ↑ peak frequency	Different distribution of USVs in two groups (50–80 kHz and 80–100 kHz) on PND 8	Wöhr (2014); Wöhr et al. (2011b); Sungur et al. (2016)
Adolescents	No differences in number		Sungur et al. (2017)
Adults	No differences in number		Wöhr et al. (2011b)
Shank2 KO (exon 7)
Pups	↑ Number in female on PND 4 and 10		Schmeisser et al. (2012)
	↓ Number on PND 6		Ey et al. (2013)
Adults	↓ Number in female-female social interaction test; no differences in number in male-female interaction social test		Schmeisser et al. (2012); Ey et al. (2013)
Shank2 KO (exon 6–7)
Adults	↓ Number		Won et al. (2012)
Shank3 heterozygous
Adults	↓ Number and ↑ latency to call		Bozdagi et al. (2010)
Shank3 KO
Pups	No differences in number and duration		Yang et al. (2012); Balaan et al. (2019)
Adults	↓ Number, duration and frequency modulation in female-female social interaction test; ↑ number, ↓ duration and frequency modulation in male-female social interaction test		Wang et al. (2011)
	No differences in number in presence of female urine		Yang et al. (2012)

ASD: Autism spectrum disorders; KO: knock-out; PND: postnatal day; USVs: ultrasonic vocalizations; WT: wild-type.