Skip to main content
. 2021 May 21;11(6):775. doi: 10.3390/biom11060775

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Molecular mechanism of the anti-angiogenic action by sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. Sialylated lactose and sialylgalactose with sialic acid linked α2-3 or α2-6 to galactose inhibit the activation of VEGFR-2 by interfering the binding between VEGF and VEGFR-2 via Ig-like domain 2 and 3 (green circle). Inhibition of VEGFR-2 activation thereby suppresses the downstream angiogenic signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt, PKC/ERK1/2 and p38 pathways. ERK1/2, extracellular signaling-regulated kinases 1/2; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; NCK, non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PLCγ, phospholipase γ; PKC, protein kinase C; SHB, SH2 domain-containing adapter protein B; TSAd, T-cell specific adaptor protein; VEGF, vascular endothelial cell growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor; VRAP, VEGF-receptor activated protein.