Table 1.

Effects of apoB-depleted serum, HDL, reconstituted HDL, HDL-associated apolipoproteins or mimetic peptides on monocyte function in human studies utilizing primary monocytes or a monocyte cell line and in studies utilizing animal models.

ApoB-Depleted Serum, HDL, HDL-Associated Protein, rHDL, Mimetic Peptide	Human Study/Animal Model/Cell Line	Effect on Monocytes	References
Human studies
apoB-depleted serum, HDL	Allergic rhinitis patients/psoriasis patients under biologic treatment, U937 cell line	Decreased anti-inflammatory potential	[28,89]
HDL	Human monocytes/endothelial cells	Decreased CD11b activation, adhesion, chemotaxis, spreading	[74,75,76]
rHDL-containing apoA-I and PC	Type 2 diabetes patients monocytes	Decreased CD11b expression	[104]
4F-peptide	Human monocytes, THP-1 cell line	Promoted M2 polarization, attenuated TLR4, CD14 and lipid raft expression	[107]
Ac-hE18A-NH2-peptide	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, monocytes	Decreased adhesion, IL-6, MCP-1 secretion, VCAM-1 expression	[106]
Animal studies
HDL/apoA-I	Diabetic apoA-I-Tg mouse model	Improved cholesterol efflux, suppressed proliferation and monocyte production	[105]

A summary of the effects of the apoB-depleted serum, HDL, reconstituted HDL, HDL-associated apolipoproteins, as well as apoA-I and apoE mimetic peptides on monocyte activation and functional properties is given, as described from human studies or studies utilizing animal models. Abbreviations: apoA-I—apolipoprotein A-I; apoB—apolipoprotein B—CD—cluster of differentiation; HDL—high-density lipoprotein; IL-6—interleukin 6; MCP-1—monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; PC—phosphatidylcholine; rHDL—reconstituted high-density lipoprotein; Tg—transgenic; TLR4—Toll-like receptor 4; VCAM-1—vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.