Figure 1.
Effect of Dolosigranulum pigrum strains on the innate immune response of human respiratory epithelial cells triggered by the activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Calu-3 cells were stimulated with D. pigrum 040417 or 030918 (5 × 107 cells/mL) for 24 h and then challenged with poly(I:C) for 48 h. Calu-3 cells with no bacterial treatment and stimulated with poly(I:C) were used as controls. Before (basal groups) and after (poly(I:C) groups) the activation of TLR3, culture supernatants were collected for the determination of cytokines by ELISA. ND: not detected. The results represent data from three independent experiments. Significant difference when compared to control at the same time point: * p < 0.05 or ** p < 0.01.