Table 1.
Baseline characteristics. Comparison of DCM patients with and without LGE and DCM patients stratified according to median value of ECV.
| Without LGE (n = 56) |
With LGE (n = 44) |
p-Value | ECV ≤ Median (n = 50) |
ECV > Median (n = 50) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 44.86 ± 11.28 | 45.42 ± 12.29 | 0.76 | 41.87 ± 11.13 | 50.06 ± 11.06 | 0.0015 |
| Male (n, %) | 49 (87.5%) | 38 (86.4%) | 0.87 | 40 (80%) | 45 (90%) | 0.13 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.21 ± 5.58 | 28.88 ± 5.97 | 0.54 | 29.08 ± 5.75 | 28.2 ± 6.13 | 0.50 |
| HF symptoms time (month) | 18.69 ± 24.73 | 12.84 ± 21.7 | 0.32 | 13.75 ± 19.15 | 16.07 ± 27.26 | 0.41 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 7 (12.5%) | 7 (15.9%) | 0.63 | 7 (14%) | 8 (16%) | 0.76 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (n, %) | 31 (55.4%) | 30 (68.2%) | 0.19 | 31 (62%) | 28 (56%) | 0.66 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 5 (8.9%) | 15 (34.1%) | 0.002 | 9 (18%) | 11 (22%) | 0.60 |
| COPD (n, %) | 1 (1.8%) | 5 (11.4%) | 0.045 | 1 (2%) | 6 (12%) | 0.09 |
| Atrial fibrillation (n, %) | 12 (21.4%) | 14 (31.8%) | 0.24 | 7 (14%) | 22 (44%) | 0.02 |
| NYHA class | 1.73 ± 0.6 | 1.88 ± 0.63 | 0.26 | 1.72 ± 0.56 | 1.97 ± 0.65 | 0.10 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118.9 ± 17.3 | 121.8 ± 21.8 | 0.46 | 121.2 ± 16.8 | 118.6 ± 22.1 | 0.53 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.16 ± 12.35 | 80.3 ± 14.25 | 0.03 | 76.68 ± 11.89 | 78.52 ± 14.24 | 0.51 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 70.54 ± 12.69 | 72.72 ± 14.71 | 0.74 | 69.81 ± 15.11 | 74.58 ± 12.98 | 0.12 |
| QRS (ms) | 95.64 ± 24.17 | 106.14 ± 29.9 | 0.02 | 100.23 ± 28.07 | 102.05 ± 28.58 | 0.63 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia (n, %) | 17 (31.5%) | 14 (32.6%) | 0.91 | 7 (14%) | 26 (52%) | <0.001 |
| 6MWT—distance (m) | 451.6 ± 90.4 | 438.7 ± 94.5 | 0.49 | 464.6 ± 89.2 | 416.1 ± 92.5 | 0.01 |
| LVEDd/BSA (mm/m2) | 32.03 ± 4.51 | 30.99 ± 5.16 | 0.16 | 31.26 ± 4.35 | 31.85 ± 5.6 | 0.58 |
| IVS (mm) | 9.65 ± 1.92 | 10.52 ± 2.47 | 0.05 | 9.66 ± 1.84 | 10.43 ± 2.58 | 0.11 |
| LVEF (%) | 30.88 ± 10.14 | 28.06 ± 9.98 | 0.17 | 31.22 ± 9.89 | 27.47 ± 11.15 | 0.10 |
| RVd (mm/m2) | 39.3 ± 6.4 | 39.34 ± 7.21 | 0.90 | 38.48 ± 6.58 | 40.52 ± 7.25 | 0.17 |
| LAA (cm2) | 26.24 ± 6.79 | 29.98 ± 9.62 | 0.05 | 25.81 ± 8.2 | 30.98 ± 8.01 | <0.001 |
| RAA (cm2) | 20.16 ± 6.79 | 21.69 ± 6.24 | 0.10 | 19.07 ± 5.26 | 23.4 ± 7.44 | 0.001 |
| E/e’ | 9.17 ± 5.69 | 12.23 ± 5.77 | 0.003 | 9.96 ± 5.9 | 11.54 ± 6.33 | 0.25 |
| MR ≥ moderate (n, %) | 17 (30.4%) | 17 (38.6%) | 0.39 | 9 (18%) | 27 (54%) | <0.001 |
| TR ≥ moderate (n, %) | 7 (12.5%) | 4 (9.1%) | 0.59 | 2 (4%) | 9 (18%) | 0.04 |
| TRV (m/s) | 2.58 ± 1.39 | 2.32 ± 1.23 | 0.37 | 2.32 ± 1.23 | 2.74 ± 1.44 | 0.14 |
| LV mass (g) | 165.4 ± 44.2 | 203.5 ± 53.2 | <0.001 | 172.7 ± 48.3 | 193.2 ± 55.3 | 0.13 |
| % LGE (%) | 0 | 4.55 ± 5.02 | <0.001 | 1.88 ± 1.59 | 5.85 ± 5.67 | 0.01 |
| T1 native (ms) | 1207 ± 188 | 1285.2 ± 64.2 | 0.009 | 1255.5 ± 104.9 | 1274.7 ± 145.1 | <0.001 |
| T1 post contrast (ms) | 470.7 ± 53.6 | 471.3 ± 44.1 | 0.95 | 485.3 ± 49.4 | 458.2 ± 42.4 | 0.007 |
| ECV (%) | 28.0 ± 5.4 | 29.8 ± 4.2 | 0.01 | 25.3 ± 1.8 | 32.4 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Hct (%) | 42.26 ± 3.73 | 44.43 ± 5 | 0.01 | 43.49 ± 4.57 | 42.91 ± 4.6 | 0.55 |
| WBC (M/uL) | 6.96 ± 2.05 | 8.52 ± 1.99 | <0.001 | 7.25 ± 2.09 | 8.1 ± 2.27 | 0.07 |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 90.34 ± 41.34 | 92.7 ± 21.83 | 0.13 | 92.91 ± 46.57 | 90.77 ± 21 | 0.64 |
| Uric acid (umol/L) | 400.4 ± 112.2 | 450.4 ± 114.6 | 0.04 | 386.11 ± 102.29 | 455.51 ± 126.41 | 0.01 |
| Cholesterol LDL (mmol/L) | 3.14 ± 0.95 | 3 ± 0.85 | 0.45 | 3.29 ± 0.94 | 2.82 ± 0.81 | 0.01 |
| BB (n, %) | 56 (100%) | 44 (100%) | 1.00 | 50 (100%) | 50 (100%) | 1.00 |
| ARNI/ACEi (n, %) | 56 (100%) | 43 (97.7%) | 0.26 | 50 (100%) | 49 (98%) | 0.31 |
| MRA (n, %) | 55 (98.2%) | 41 (93.2%) | 0.20 | 48 (96.0%) | 48 (96.0%) | 1.00 |
| Diuretic dosage (mg/day) | 35.12 ± 73.31 | 46.5 ± 42.48 | 0.03 | 28.95 ± 34.98 | 58.69 ± 82.12 | 0.01 |
Abbreviations: LGE—late gadolinium enhancement, ECV—extracellular volume, BMI—body mass index, HF—heart failure, COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NYHA—New York Heart Association class, SBP/DBP—systolic/diastolic blood pressure, 6MWT—6-min walk test, LVEDd—left ventricle end-diastolic diameter, BSA—body surface area, LVEF—left ventricle ejection fraction, LAA/RAA—left/right atria area, MR/TR—moderate or severe mitral/tricuspid regurgitation, TRV—TR peak velocity, LGE—late gadolinium enhancement, ECV—extracellular volume, LV—left ventricle, Hb—hemoglobin, Hct—hematocrit, BB—beta-blocker, ARNI—angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, ACEI—angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, MRA—mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.