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. 2021 May 23;11(6):1512. doi: 10.3390/ani11061512

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fucoxanthin inhibits endothelial cell sprouting and tube formation. (a,b) Images showing sprouting of microvessels from rat aorta (a) and comparison of maximal length of microvessel (b) in treatment with fucoxanthin (0, 5, 10, and 20 μM) for 7 days. Magnification, 40×. (c,d) Images showing EC tube formation (c) and comparison of the number of tubules (d) in treatments with fucoxanthin (0, 5, 10, and 20 μM) for 18 h. Magnification, 100×. Fx., Fucoxanthin. Values are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.