Table 1.
Maternal nutrients consumption on days 7 and 28 postpartum and comparison with recommended values.
| DRV | Day 7 (n = 30) | p-Value 1 | Day 28 (n = 22) | p-Value 1 | p-Value 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 2800 | ↓2101 (1754; 2437) | <0.001 | ↓1870 (1694; 2248) | <0.001 | 0.51 a |
| Water (mL) | 2700 | ↓1653 (1317; 2382) | <0.001 | ↓1894 (1261; 2868) | 0.010 | 0.32 a |
| Macronutrients | ||||||
| Protein (g) | 66 | ↑93.4 ± 26.7 | <0.001 | ↑93.1 ± 22.0 | <0.001 | 0.59 b |
| Fat (g) | - | 92.9 ± 28.6 | - | 91.5 ± 28.7 | - | 0.26 b |
| Saturated fatty acids (g) | ALAP | ↑31.9 ± 11.0 | - | ↑29.9 ± 10.3 | - | 0.18 b |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | - | 39.9 ± 12.5 | - | 39.2 ± 14.4 | - | 0.26 b |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | - | 12.6 (8.9; 15.1) | - | 12.7 (11.2; 15.8) | - | 0.74 a |
| Cholesterol (mg) | - | 385.0 ± 142.0 | - | 375.0 ± 139.0 | - | 0.35 b |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 210 | 198.0 (158.0; 268.0) | 0.88 | 180.0 (149.0; 209.0) | 0.06 | 0.84 a |
| Dietary fiber (g) | - | 19.9 (13.2; 27.4) | - | 18.8 (15.3; 27.8) | - | 0.67 a |
| Vitamins | ||||||
| Vitamin A (Retinol; μg) | 1300 | ↓1046 (756; 1340) | 0.022 | 1381 (718; 1947) | 0.61 | 0.23 a |
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin; mg) | 1.4 | ↑1.8 (1.3; 2.2) | 0.001 | ↑2.3 (1.4; 2.5) | 0.004 | 0.68 a |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin; mg) | 1.7 | ↑2.2 (1.7; 2.6) | 0.001 | ↑3.0 (2.0; 3.4) | 0.001 | 0.21 a |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin; mg) | 17 | ↑43.8 ± 14.7 | <0.001 | ↑46.3 ± 11.5 | <0.001 | 0.61 b |
| Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid; mg) | 7.0 | 5.9 (5.4; 10.2) | 0.74 | ↑10.2 (5.4; 12.3) | 0.015 | 0.61 a |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine; mg) | 1.7 | ↑2.9 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | ↑3.2 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 0.83 b |
| Vitamin B7 (Biotin; μg) | 45 | 38.3 (26.4; 75.4) | 0.80 | ↑64.7 (29.4; 82.2) | 0.022 | 0.99 a |
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid; μg) | 500 | ↓306 (248; 433) | 0.001 | 498 (372; 602) | 0.73 | 0.12 a |
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin; μg) | 5 | ↑6.8 ± 3.2 | 0.003 | ↑7.0 ± 2.6 | 0.001 | 0.55 b |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid; mg) | 155 | 142.0 (74.7; 194.0) | 0.45 | 155.0 (129.0; 273.0) | 0.29 | 0.47 a |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 15 | ↓3.4 (1.4; 6.5) | <0.001 | ↓4.8 (2.6; 8.0) | <0.001 | 0.61 a |
| Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol; mg) | 11 | 10.4 (7.0; 17.3) | 0.63 | ↑17.9 (9.3; 20.1) | 0.007 | 0.32 a |
| Vitamin K (μg) | 90 | 106.0 (64.4; 161.0) | 0.06 | 94.4 (68.3; 181) | 0.10 | 0.67 a |
| Minerals | ||||||
| Calcium (mg) | 950 | 986 (748; 1155) | 0.89 | 1094 (762; 1226) | 0.24 | 0.54 a |
| Iron (mg) | 16 | ↑18.1 (13.2; 29.4) | 0.038 | ↑27.6 (18.8; 92.2) | <0.001 | 0.14 a |
| Iodine (mg) | 200 | 103 (75; 284) | 0.11 | 268 (109; 300) | 0.30 | 0.42 a |
| Sodium (mg) | 2000 | 2123 (1543; 2461) | 0.78 | 1852 (1724; 2262) | 0.80 | 0.18 a |
| Potassium (mg) | 4000 | ↓3051 ± 788 | <0.001 | ↓3271 ± 1047 | 0.004 | 0.49 b |
Data show median and interquartile range (Q1; Q3) or mean±standard error of the mean, according to the distribution of the variable. Dietary Recommendation Values (DRV) according to the population reference intake of a nutrient that is likely to meet the needs of a healthy population or the average requirement refers to the intake of a nutrient that meets the daily needs of people in a healthy population [12,25,26] for breastfeeding population; as low as possible (ALAP). 1 Comparison with DRV (↓ = below DRV; ↑ = above DRV); 2 comparison between day 7 and 28 (a Wilcoxon signed-rank test with continuity correction; b paired Student’s t-test). Arrows indicate deviations from DRV.