Table 5.
In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of selected oximes.
| Compound | Cell Culture | Model | Concentration Range (µM) | Effect/Mechanism a | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adipocytes | Saturated free fatty acid-induced inflammation | 2–10 | ↑ Cell viability; ↑ mRNA for IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β; ↓ mRNA for TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 | [106] |
| H9C2 rat cardiac myocyte cells | Incubation of cells with high glucose | 3–30 | ↓ PKR protein and mRNA; ↓ JNK and NF-κB mRNA; ↓ Caspase-3 mRNA; ↓ ROS |
[107] | |
| Cultured rat brain microglia, hippocampal slice cultures | LPS stimulation | 0.5–4 | ↓ NF-κB activation; ↓ TNF, IL-1β, PGE2, ROS; ↓ Hippocampal cell death | [108] | |
| Mouse microglia BV-2 cells, hippocampal slice cultures | LPS stimulation | 10 | ↓ Migration; ↓ iNOS expression; ↓ IL-6 and NO production | [30] | |
| Human neutrophils, monocytes, VSMCs | LTB4, CysLT and LT-enriched medium | 0.3–10 | ↓ LT-induced VSMC migration; ↑ HO-1 induction; ↓ 5-LO in monocytes and neutrophils |
[109] | |
| Human macrophages, primary type-I like pneumocytes | Influenza virus H5N1 infection | 10 | ↓ IP-10, IL-1β, RANTES, IFN-β, TNF; ↑ Delay of virus replication | [110] | |
| SH-SY5Y cells, primary cerebellar granule neurons | H2O2-induced apoptosis | 0.1–3 | ↑ Cell viability; ↓ p-Akt and p-GSK-3β | [111] | |
| 11 | Human FLS | TNF stimulation | 0.050 | ↓ mRNA for IL-1, IL-6, CCL-2, CCL-7, COX-2, MMP-9; ↓ IL-1, IL-6, CCL-2, CCL-7, COX-2, MMP-9; ↓ NF-κB, p-JNK, p-c-Jun, p-ATF-2, p-p38 | [13] |
| RAW264.7 macrophages | LPS stimulation | 2.5–20 | ↓ NO, PGE2; ↓ iNOS mRNA, COX-2;↓ IL-1β, IL-6; ↓ p-JNK, p-IκB-α; ↑ IκB-α |
[112] | |
| Neutrophils, RAW264.7 macrophages |
LPS stimulation | 5 | ↓ TNF; ↑ IκB-α | [113] | |
| Mouse mammary epithelial cells | LPS stimulation | 5–50 | ↓ mRNA for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF; ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF; ↑ IL-10; ↓ TLR4/NF-κB and TLR4/MAPK expression and phosphorylation |
[12] | |
| 30 | PBMCs, MonoMac-6, J774.A1 cells |
LPS stimulation | 0.2–30 | ↓ IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, NO production by human and murine monocyte/macrophages. | [41] |
| HUVECs | 0.3–10 | ↓ Endothelin-1 secretion | [114] | ||
| Macrophages, T-cells | LPS stimulation | 1 | ↓ TNF, IL-6, IL-1β; ↓ p-JNK2, p-p38, p-IκBα, p-IKKβ; ↓ IL-6 mRNA, TNF, iNOS | [115] | |
| 31 | Human FLS, synovial SW982 cells, HUVECs, monocytic THP-1 cells |
IL-1β stimulation | 1–25 | ↓MMP-3 gene expression; ↓ MMP-1/3 and IL-6 secretion | [116] |
| 32 | Human neutrophils | fMLF stimulation | 0.03–20 | ↓ HNE and Pr3 activities; ↓ ROS generation, HNE release | [15] |
a ↓ and ↑ indicate decreasing or increasing enzyme activity or protein/mRNA expression, or functional activity after treatment with compound, respectively.