Table 6.
In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of selected oximes.
| Compound | Animal | Model | Dose | Effect/Mechanism a | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Swiss albino mice | High fat-high fructose diet-induced neuropathological changes | 0.4 mg/kg for 7 days | ↓ Area occupied by dark neurons; ↓ Amyloid spots in hippocampus ↓ NF-κB; ↓ TNF, IL-6 ↓ Bax and caspase-3; ↑ Bcl-2 |
[29] |
| 11 | C57BL/6 mice | TPA-induced ear skin inflammation | 1.5 µg/ear | ↓ GSK-3β activity; ↓ IFN-γ production; ↓ Ear skin edema, epidermis hyperproliferation and dermis angiogenesis | [117] |
| Rats | Intracerebral hemorrhage | 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, & 100 µg/kg | ↓ NF-κB, COX-2, GSK-3β phosphorylation; ↑ Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; ↓ IL-1β and IL-6, ↑ IL-10; ↓ Microglia activation and cell apoptosis | [118] | |
| C57BL6/J mice | Transient occlusion of the MCA | 1 mg/kg i.p., 3 and 6 h after occlusion | ↑ Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation ;↓ Brain edema, IgG extravasation, perivascular petechial bleeding; ↓ Hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke |
[119] | |
| C57BL/6 mice | Ligature + LPS-induced periodontitis | 0.5−5 μg in 1 mL hydrogel | ↓ Inflammatory cell infiltration; ↑ Expression of ALP, and Runx2 | [120] | |
| Mice | Aging | 1 mg/kg, i.p. during 2 weeks | ↓ IL-6 in liver and serum; ↑ SOD and GSH in liver; ↓ Total cholesterol and triglycerides in liver & serum | [121] | |
| Mice | Arthritis (collagen + complete Freund’s adjuvant) | 1 and 10 mg/kg | ↓ Synovial hyperplasia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion; ↓ TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IFN-γ in serum | [13] | |
| 30 | Mice | Ovalbumin-specific DTH response | Every 12 h with 12.5 mg/kg, i.p., 5 injections | ↓Ear thickness | [41] |
| Mice | Acute lung inflammation (LPS plus D-galactosamine) |
200 µg/mouse, i.p. | ↓ Lethality and lung inflammation; ↓ TNF, IL-6 and IL-1β; ↓ p-JNK2, p-p38, p-IκBα & p-IKKβ; ↓ mRNA for IL-6, TNF and iNOS |
[115] | |
| Mice | CIA | 5, 20, 30 and 50 mg/kg, daily, i.p. | ↓CIA and CAIA severity; ↓Cartilage erosion; ↓ Collagen II-specific antibody | [122] | |
| Rats | Focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion | 5 and 25 mg/kg, i.p. | ↓ p-c-Jun | [123] | |
| 31 | Mice | CIA and CAIA | 30 mg/kg i.p., daily, 34 days | ↓ CIA and CAIA severity; ↓ Cartilage erosion; ↓ IL-17A, GM-CSF, RANKL | [116] |
| 32 | Mice | HNE-induced paw edema |
50–100 mg/kg, i.p. | ↓ Paw edema | [15] |
| LPS-induced acute lung injury | 100 mg/kg, i.p. | ↓ MPO; ↓ Edematous changes, alveolar thickening, leukocyte infiltration, and lung tissue destruction |
a ↓ and ↑ indicate decreasing or increasing enzyme activity or protein/mRNA expression, or functional activity after treatment with compound, respectively.