Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of study subjects stratified by health literacy in CKD patients.
| Entire Cohort N = 208 |
Sufficient/Excellent N = 97 |
Inadequate/Limited/Problematic N = 111 |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (year) | 63.2 ± 12.8 | 59.8 ± 14.2 | 66.2 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male, %) | 58.7 | 56.7 | 60.4 | 0.59 |
| Smoke (yes, %) | 7.7 | 5.2 | 9.9 | 0.20 |
| Alcohol (yes, %) | 4.8 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 0.83 |
| Marriage (yes, %) | 79.3 | 73.2 | 84.7 | 0.04 |
| Currently working (yes, %) | 40.9 | 44.3 | 37.8 | 0.34 |
| Education (high school or above, %) | 66.8 | 83.5 | 52.3 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (yes, %) | 60.1 | 60.8 | 59.5 | 0.84 |
| Diabetes mellitus (yes, %) | 35.1 | 29.9 | 39.6 | 0.14 |
| Heart disease (yes, %) | 18.3 | 13.4 | 22.5 | 0.09 |
| Gout (yes, %) | 15.4 | 17.5 | 13.5 | 0.42 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.9 | 24.2 ± 4.1 | 25.6 ± 3.7 | 0.01 |
| Number of health education sessions | 13.3 ± 11.1 | 14.2 ± 11.6 | 12.5 ± 10.6 | 0.27 |
| The time of CKD (year) | 4.1 ± 4.0 | 4.4 ± 4.1 | 3.9 ± 4.0 | 0.32 |
| ACEI/ARB (yes, %) | 37.5 | 39.2 | 36.0 | 0.64 |
| CCB (yes, %) | 37.0 | 37.1 | 36.9 | 0.98 |
| β-blocker (yes, %) | 27.9 | 29.9 | 26.1 | 0.55 |
| Statin (yes, %) | 46.2 | 40.2 | 51.4 | 0.11 |
| Questionnaires | ||||
| Total scores of self-care behavior | 61.0 ± 10.3 | 63.8 ± 9.3 | 58.5 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| Diet | 14.6 ± 3.7 | 15.6 ± 3.1 | 13.8 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Exercise | 9.4 ± 3.8 | 10.0 ± 3.5 | 8.8 ± 4.0 | 0.03 |
| Home blood pressure monitoring | 6.9 ± 3.2 | 7.6 ± 3.8 | 6.2 ± 2.3 | 0.001 |
| Smoking habit | 7.6 ± 2.6 | 7.9 ± 2.7 | 7.3 ± 2.6 | 0.16 |
| Medication adherence | 22.6 ± 4.9 | 22.7 ± 4.5 | 22.4 ± 5.1 | 0.66 |
| Health literacy | 33.1 ± 7.4 | 38.8 ± 5.9 | 28.1 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| Accessing | 31.2 ± 10.0 | 38.4 ± 7.4 | 24.9 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Understanding | 37.8 ± 7.6 | 42.6 ± 7.7 | 33.7 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| Appraising | 30.8 ± 9.3 | 37.0 ± 7.0 | 25.5 ± 7.5 | <0.001 |
| Applying | 31.6 ± 9.2 | 37.6 ± 7.2 | 26.4 ± 7.5 | <0.001 |
| Communication/interaction | 34.0 ± 8.2 | 38.7 ± 7.8 | 29.8 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory Parameters |
Entire Cohort
N = 208 |
Suff
icient/Excellent
N = 97 |
Inadequate/Limited/Problematic
N = 111 |
p-Value |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 28.4 (19.1,49.6) | 27.6 (17.2,41,3) | 31.5 (20.1,54.0) | 0.09 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 34.3 ± 25.0 | 37.3 ± 28.9 | 31.7 ± 20.9 | 0.11 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.2 ± 2.1 | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 12.4 ± 2.2 | 0.25 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.4 (4.1,4.6) | 4.4 (4.0,4.6) | 4.4 (4.2,4.5) | 0.71 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 0.28 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 175 ± 42 | 179 ± 46 | 172 ± 38 | 0.20 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 109 (77,152) | 103 (75,147) | 117 (80,185) | 0.22 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 5.9 (5.5,6.5) | 5.8 (5.5,6.3) | 6.0 (5.5,6.7) | 0.06 |
| Urine protein/creatinine ratio (mg/mg) | 0.5 (0.2,1.6) | 0.4 (0.1,1.6) | 0.7 (0.2,1.6) | 0.18 |
Data are expressed as numbers (percentages) for categorical variables and mean ± SD or median (25th, 75th percentile) for continuous variables, as appropriate. Abbreviations—ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.