Table 2.
Annotation of identified urine metabolites as candidates modified by DASH.
| Class | Metabolite | Sub-Class * | Example Sources * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic Acids | ¥ Caffeic acid | Hydroxycinnamic acids | Wine; whole grains; herbs; fruits; vegetables |
| Ferulic acid | Hydroxycinnamic acids | Whole grains; cocoa; fruits; vegetables; herbs | |
| ¥ 4-Hydroxymandelic acid | Hydroxyphenylacetic acids | Microbial phenol/polyphenol metabolite | |
| 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | Hydroxyphenylacetic acids | Microbial phenol/polyphenol metabolite | |
| ¥ 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | Hydroxyphenylacetic acids | Microbial phenol/polyphenol metabolite | |
| ¥ Para-Hydroxyhippuric acid | Hydroxybenzoic acids | Microbial phenol/polyphenol metabolite | |
| ¥ Gentisic Acid | Hydroxybenzoic acids | Aspirin; selected fruits; herbs | |
| 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid | Hydroxyphenylpropanoic acid | Microbial phenol/polyphenol metabolite | |
| Para-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid | Hydroxyphenylpropanoic acid | Microbial phenol/polyphenol metabolite | |
| Quinolines | ¥ 4,8-Dihydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (xanthurenic acid) | Quinoline carboxylic acids | Metabolite of tryptophan, protein sources |
| Keto Acids and Derivatives | ¥ 2-Ketoleucine | Short-chain keto acids/ derivatives |
Branched chain amino acid degradation |
| 2-Oxobutanoic acid | Short-chain keto acids/ derivatives |
Amino acid degradation | |
| Fatty acyls | Methylsuccinic acid | Fatty acids and conjugates | Involved in isoleucine metabolism |
| Imidazopyrimidines | ¥ Uric acid | Purines and purine derivatives | Final product of purine metabolism; Protein sources |
| Organooxygen Compounds | Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) | Alcohols and polyols | Whole grain; legumes; eggs; meat |
| Glucose and other aldohexoses | Carbohydrates | Many | |
| Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | ¥ Oxamic acid | Carboxylic acid derivatives | Amine derivative of oxalate |
| Hydroxy Acid and Derivatives | ¥ β-Hydroxybutyric acid | β-Hydroxy acids | Ketone body |
| Amino Acids | ¥ Threonine | NA | Cottage cheese; poultry; fish; meat; lentils; black bean; sesame seeds |
* Sources: Human Metabolome Database (hmdb.ca), U.S. National Library of Medicine (www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; access date: 18 November 2019), National Institute of Standards and Technology (webbook.nist.gov; access date: 18 November 2019), and Phenol-Explorer (www.phenol-explorer.eu; access date: 18 November 2019). ¥ Metabolites were identified at nominal p < 0.05 and FDR adjusted p < 0.20.