Figure 3.

Anti-arthritic mechanism of TQ. TQ significantly downregulated the elevated levels of TLR-7, TLR-4, MMP-13, MMP-3, and other inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE2, and IL-6 and upregulated the expression of MMP-1 to reduce arthritis scoring and bone leaching in arthritis. TLR—Toll-like receptor; IL—interleukin; PGE2—prostaglandin E2; MDA—malondialdehyde; GSSG—glutathione; MMP—matrix metalloproteinase; RANKL—receptor-activated nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; COX—cyclooxygenase-2; MAPK—mitogen-activated protein kinase.