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TQ prevents carcinogenic intermediate synthesis by inhibiting the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. It also inhibits ROS-mediated DNA damage to prevent tumorigenesis. TQ upregulates pro-apoptotic genes (p21 and p27) and downregulates the anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2), thereby arresting the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. (CDK—cyclin-dependent kinases; CYP—cytochrome P; TQ—Thymoquinone).
